CHAPTER 6 Learning

How Do We Learn?

D-13

6-1 How do we define learning, and what are some basic forms of learning?

Classical Conditioning

6-2 What is classical conditioning, and how does it demonstrate associative learning?

6-3 What parts do acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination play in classical conditioning?

6-4 Why is Pavlov’s work important, and how is it being applied?

Operant Conditioning

6-5 What is operant conditioning, and how is operant behavior reinforced and shaped?

6-6 How do positive and negative reinforcement differ, and what are the basic types of reinforcers?

6-7 How do continuous and partial reinforcement schedules affect behavior?

6-8 How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement, and how does punishment affect behavior?

6-9 Why were Skinner’s ideas controversial, and how might his operant conditioning principles be applied at school, at work, in parenting, and for self-improvement?

6-10 How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning?

Biology, Cognition, and Learning

6-11 What limits does biology place on conditioning?

6-12 How do cognitive processes affect classical and operant conditioning?

Learning by Observation

6-13 How does observational learning differ from associative learning? How may observational learning be enabled by mirror neurons?

6-14 What is the impact of prosocial modeling and of antisocial modeling?

6-15 What is the violence-viewing effect?