Chapter 12 Test

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Question 12.39

1. Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called __________.

repression

Question 12.40

2. According to Freud’s view of personality structure, the “executive” system, the ______, seeks to gratify the impulses of the ___________in more acceptable ways.

  1. id; ego

  2. ego; superego

  3. ego; id

  4. id; superego

c

Question 12.41

3. Freud proposed that the development of the “voice of our moral compass” is related to the _________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.

superego

Question 12.42

4. According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to

  1. dormant sexual feelings.

  2. fixation at that stage.

  3. unconscious blocking of impulses.

  4. a distorted gender identity.

b

Question 12.43

5. Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our _________.

anxiety

Question 12.44

6. __________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous image, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.

Projective

Question 12.45

7. In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud’s views but placed more emphasis than he did on

  1. development throughout the life span.

  2. the collective unconscious.

  3. the role of the id.

  4. social interactions.

d

Question 12.46

8. Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about

  1. the existence of unconscious mental processes.

  2. the Oedipus complex.

  3. the predictive value of Freudian theory.

  4. the superego’s role as the executive part of personality.

a

Question 12.47

9. Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?

  1. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events

  2. Stereotypes that influence our perceptions and interpretations

  3. Parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge

  4. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills

a

Question 12.48

10. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on

  1. Freudian theory.

  2. his experiences with patients.

  3. a series of laboratory experiments.

  4. his study of healthy, creative people.

d

Question 12.49

11. How might Freud and Rogers differ in their explanations of how the environment influences the development of a criminal?

Freud might argue that the criminal may have lacked the proper guidance as a child for developing a strong superego, allowing the id free rein. Rogers might assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept.

373

Question 12.50

12. The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called_________ ____________.________

unconditional positive regard

Question 12.51

13. _________theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.

Trait

Question 12.52

14. One famous personality inventory is the

  1. Extraversion–Introversion Scale.

  2. Person–Situation Inventory.

  3. MMPI.

  4. Rorschach.

c

Question 12.53

15. Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?

  1. Conscientiousness

  2. Anxiety

  3. Extraversion

  4. Agreeableness

b

Question 12.54

16. Our scores on personality tests best predict

  1. our behavior on a specific occasion.

  2. our average behavior across many situations.

  3. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness.

  4. behavior that depends on the situation or context.

b

Question 12.55

17. The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is

  1. the presence of books in a home.

  2. a preference for outdoor play.

  3. the ability to read at a fourth-grade level.

  4. the fear of violent action on television.

a

Question 12.56

18. Critics say that ______-______ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual’s interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person’s enduring traits.

social-cognitive

Question 12.57

19. Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?

  1. Life problems cause low self-esteem.

  2. The answer isn’t clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect.

  3. Low self-esteem leads to life problems.

  4. Because of the self-serving bias, we must assume that external factors cause low self-esteem.

b

Question 12.58

20. A fortune cookie advises, “Love yourself and happiness will follow.” Is this good advice?

Yes, if that self-love is of the secure type. Secure self-esteem promotes a focus beyond the self and a higher quality of life. Excessive self-love may promote artificially high or defensive self-esteem, which may lead to unhappiness if negative external feedback triggers anger or aggression.

Question 12.59

21. The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and mistakes is called the_________ ______.

spotlight effect

Question 12.60

22. Individualist cultures tend to value ________; collectivist cultures tend to value_______

  1. interdependence; independence

  2. independence; interdependence

  3. solidarity; uniqueness

  4. duty; fulfillment

b

Find answers to these questions in Appendix E, in the back of the book.