Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.
1. An example of a physiological need is _______. An example of a psychological drive is _______.
hunger; a “push” to find food
a “push” to find food; hunger
curiosity; a “push” to reduce arousal
a “push” to reduce arousal; curiosity
a
2. Jan walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) _______ (incentive/drive).
incentive
3. _______ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
Arousal
4. With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is
very high.
moderate.
very low.
absent.
b
5. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are _______ needs.
safety
self-
belongingness
self-
a
6. Journalist Dorothy Dix once remarked, “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.” Which motivation theory best supports her statement?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs best supports this statement because it addresses the primacy of some motives over others. Once our basic physiological needs are met, safety concerns are addressed next, followed by belongingness and love needs (such as the desire to kiss).
7. According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This “weight thermostat” is an example of _______.
homeostasis
8. Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?
An aversion to eating cats and dogs
An interest in novel foods
A preference for sweet and salty foods
An aversion to carbohydrates
c
9. The blood sugar _______ provides the body with energy. When it is _______ (low/high), we feel hungry.
glucose; low
10. The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as _______ _______ the rate.
basal metabolic
11. Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact that
it takes more energy to maintain weight than it did to gain it.
the set point of obese people is lower than average.
with dieting, metabolism increases.
there is a genetic influence on body weight.
d
12. Sanjay recently adopted the typical college diet high in processed fat and sugar. He knows he may gain weight, but he figures it’s no big deal because he can lose the extra pounds in the future. How would you evaluate Sanjay’s plan?
Sanjay’s plan is problematic. After he gains weight, the extra fat will require less energy to maintain than it did to gain in the first place. Sanjay may have a hard time getting rid of it later, when his metabolism slows down in an effort to retain his body weight.
283
13. Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?
Students who rated themselves as “very happy” also tended to have satisfying close relationships.
Social exclusion—
As adults, adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents.
Children who are extremely neglected become withdrawn, frightened, and speechless.
c
14. What are some ways to manage our social networking time successfully?
Monitor the time spent online, as well as your feelings about that time. Hide distracting online friends. Turn off or put away distracting devices. Consider a social media fast, and get outside and away from technology regularly.
15. The _______ - _______ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.
James-
16. Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-
weaken your happiness.
intensify your happiness.
transform your happiness into relief.
have no particular effect on your happiness.
b
17. Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to consciously label or interpret them. Lazarus noted the importance of how we appraise events. These psychologists differ in the emphasis they place on _______ in emotional responses.
physical arousal
the hormone epinephrine
cognitive processing
learning
c
18. What does a polygraph measure and why are its results questionable?
A polygraph measures physiological changes, such as heart rate and perspiration, that are associated with emotions. Its use as a lie detector is controversial because the measure cannot distinguish between emotions with similar physiology (such as anxiety and guilt).
19. When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _______ _______ effect.
facial feedback
20. Aiden has a bad cold and finds himself shuffling to class with his head down. How might his posture, as well as his cold, affect his emotional well-
Aiden’s droopy posture could negatively affect his mood thanks to the behavior feedback effect, which tends to make us feel the way we act.
Find answers to these questions in Appendix E, in the back of the book.