Introduction
Dear Reader
About the Author
Acknowledgments
YOUR BEST PATHWAY TO UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD
1.1: What is science? What is biology?
1.2: Biological literacy is essential in the modern world.
1.3: Scientific thinking is a powerful approach to understanding the world.
1.4: Thinking like a scientist: how do you use the scientific method?
1.5: Step 1: Make observations.
1.6: Step 2: Formulate a hypothesis.
1.7: Step 3: Devise a testable prediction.
1.8: Step 4: Conduct a critical experiment.
1.9: Step 5: Draw conclusions, make revisions.
1.10: When do hypotheses become theories, and what are theories?
1.11: Controlling variables makes experiments more powerful.
1.12 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Is arthroscopic surgery for arthritis of the knee beneficial?
1.13: Repeatable experiments increase our confidence.
1.14: We’ve got to watch out for our biases.
1.15: Visual displays of data can help us understand and explain phenomena.
1.16: Statistics can help us in making decisions.
1.17: Pseudoscience and misleading anecdotal evidence can obscure the truth.
1.18: There are limits to what science can do.
1.19: What is life? Important themes unify and connect diverse topics in biology.
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Key Terms in Scientific Thinking
RAW MATERIALS AND FUEL FOR OUR BODIES
2.1: Everything is made of atoms.
2.2: An atom’s electrons determine whether (and how) the atom will bond with other atoms.
2.3: Atoms can bond together to form molecules or compounds.
2.4: Hydrogen bonds make water cohesive.
2.5: Water has unusual properties that make it critical to life.
2.6: Living systems are highly sensitive to acidic and basic conditions.
2.7 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Do anti-acid drugs impair digestion and increase the risk of food allergies?
2.8: Carbohydrates include macromolecules that function as fuel.
2.9: Glucose provides energy for the body’s cells.
2.10: Many complex carbohydrates are time-release packets of energy.
2.11: Not all carbohydrates are digestible.
2.12: Lipids are macromolecules with several functions, including energy storage.
2.13: Fats are tasty molecules too plentiful in our diets.
2.14: Cholesterol and phospholipids are used to build sex hormones and membranes.
2.15: Proteins are bodybuilding macromolecules.
2.16: Proteins are an essential dietary component.
2.17: A protein’s function is influenced by its three-dimensional shape.
2.18: Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
2.19: Enzymes regulate reactions in several ways (but malformed enzymes can cause problems).
2.20: Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store information.
2.21: DNA holds the genetic information to build an organism.
2.22: RNA is a universal translator, reading DNA and directing protein production.
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Key Terms in Chemistry
THE SMALLEST PART OF YOU
3.1: All organisms are made of cells.
3.2: Prokaryotic cells are structurally simple but extremely diverse.
3.3: Eukaryotic cells have compartments with specialized functions.
3.4: Every cell is bordered by a plasma membrane.
3.5: Molecules embedded in the plasma membrane help it perform its functions.
3.6: Faulty membranes can cause diseases.
3.7: Membrane surfaces have a “fingerprint” that identifies the cell.
3.8: Passive transport is the spontaneous diffusion of molecules across a membrane.
3.9: Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water across a membrane.
3.10: In active transport, cells use energy to move small molecules into and out of the cell.
3.11: Endocytosis and exocytosis are used for bulk transport of particles.
3.12: Connections between cells hold them in place and enable them to communicate with each other.
3.13: The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center.
3.14: Cytoplasm and the cytoskeleton form the cell’s internal environment, provide its physical support, and can generate movement.
3.15: Mitochondria are the cell’s energy converters.
3.16 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Can cells change their composition to adapt to their environment?
3.17: Lysosomes are the cell’s garbage disposals.
3.18: In the endoplasmic reticulum, cells build proteins and lipids and disarm toxins.
3.19: The Golgi apparatus processes products for delivery throughout the body.
3.20: The cell wall provides additional protection and support for plant cells.
3.21: Vacuoles are multipurpose storage sacs for cells.
3.22: Chloroplasts are the plant cell’s solar power plant.
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Key Terms in Cells
FROM THE SUN TO YOU IN JUST TWO STEPS
4.1: Cars that run on french fry oil? Organisms and machines need energy to work.
4.2: Energy has two forms: kinetic and potential.
4.3: As energy is captured and converted, the amount of energy available to do work decreases.
4.4: ATP molecules are like free-floating rechargeable batteries in all living cells.
4.5: Where does plant matter come from? Photosynthesis: the big picture.
4.6: Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
4.7: Light energy travels in waves: plant pigments absorb specific wavelengths.
4.8: Photons cause electrons in chlorophyll to enter an excited state.
4.9: Photosynthesis in detail: the energy of sunlight is captured as chemical energy.
4.10: Photosynthesis in detail: the captured energy of sunlight is used to make food.
4.11: The battle against world hunger can use plants adapted to water scarcity.
4.12: How do living organisms fuel their actions? Cellular respiration: the big picture.
4.13: The first step of cellular respiration: glycolysis is the universal energy-releasing pathway.
4.14: The second step of cellular respiration: the Krebs cycle extracts energy from sugar.
4.15: The third step of cellular respiration: ATP is built in the electron transport chain.
4.16 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Can we combat the fatigue and reduced cognitive functioning of jet lag with NADH pills?
4.17: Beer, wine, and spirits are by-products of cellular metabolism in the absence of oxygen.
4.18: Eating a complete diet: cells can run on protein and fat as well as on glucose.
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Key Terms in Energy
WHAT IS THE GENETIC CODE, AND HOW IS IT HARNESSED?
5.1: Knowledge about DNA is increasing justice in the world.
5.2: The DNA molecule contains instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms.
5.3: Genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins.
5.4: Not all DNA contains instructions for making proteins.
5.5: How do genes work? An overview.
5.6: In transcription, the information coded in DNA is copied into mRNA.
5.7: In translation, the mRNA copy of the information from DNA is used to build functional molecules.
5.8: Genes are regulated in several ways.
5.9: What causes a mutation, and what are its effects?
5.10 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Does sunscreen use reduce skin cancer risk?
5.11: Faulty genes, coding for faulty enzymes, can lead to sickness.
5.12: What is biotechnology?
5.13: Biotechnology can improve food nutrition and make farming more efficient and eco-friendly.
5.14: Fears and risks: are genetically modified foods safe?
5.15: The treatment of diseases and the production of medicines are improved with biotechnology.
5.16: Gene therapy: biotechnology can help diagnose and prevent genetic diseases, but has had limited success in curing them.
5.17: Cloning—ranging from genes to organs to individuals—offers both promise and perils.
5.18: DNA is an individual identifier: the uses and abuses of DNA fingerprinting.
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Key Terms in DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology
CONTINUITY AND VARIETY
6.1: Immortal cells can spell trouble: cell division in sickness and in health.
6.2: Some chromosomes are circular, others are linear.
6.3: There is a time for everything in the eukaryotic cell cycle.
6.4: Cell division is preceded by chromosome replication.
6.5: Most cells are not immortal: mitosis generates replacements.
6.6: Overview: mitosis leads to duplicate cells.
6.7: The details: mitosis is a four-step process.
6.8: Cell division out of control may result in cancer.
6.9: Overview: sexual reproduction requires special cells made by meiosis.
6.10: Sperm and egg are produced by meiosis: the details, step by step.
6.11: Male and female gametes are produced in slightly different ways.
6.12: Crossing over and meiosis are important sources of variation.
6.13: What are the costs and benefits of sexual reproduction?
6.14: How is sex determined in humans?
6.15: The sex of offspring is determined in a variety of ways in non-human species.
6.16 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Can the environment determine the sex of a turtle’s offspring?
6.17: Down syndrome can be detected before birth: karyotypes reveal an individual’s entire chromosome set.
6.18: Life is possible with too many or too few sex chromosomes.
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Key Terms in Chromosomes and Cell Division
FAMILY RESEMBLANCE: HOW TRAITS ARE INHERITED
7.1: Family resemblance: your father and mother each contribute to your genetic makeup.
7.2: Some traits are controlled by a single gene.
7.3: Mendel learned about heredity by conducting experiments.
7.4: Segregation: you’ve got two copies of each gene but put only one copy in each sperm or egg.
7.5: Observing an individual’s phenotype is not sufficient for determining its genotype.
7.6: Chance is important in genetics.
7.7: A test-cross enables us to figure out which alleles an individual carries.
7.8: We use pedigrees to decipher and predict the inheritance patterns of genes.
7.9: Incomplete dominance and codominance: the effects of both alleles in a genotype can show up in the phenotype.
7.10: What’s your blood type? Some genes have more than two alleles.
7.11: Multigene traits: how are continuously varying traits such as height influenced by genes?
7.12: Sometimes one gene influences multiple traits.
7.13: Why are more men than women color-blind? Sex-linked traits differ in their patterns of expression in males and females.
7.14: THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: What is the cause of male-pattern baldness?
7.15: Environmental effects: identical twins are not identical.
7.16: Most traits are passed on as independent features: Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
7.17: Red hair and freckles: genes on the same chromosome are sometimes inherited together.
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Key Terms in Genes and Inheritance
DARWIN’S DANGEROUS IDEA
8.1: We can see evolution occurring right before our eyes.
8.2: Before Darwin, many people believed that all species had been created separately and were unchanging.
8.3: A job on a ’round-the-world survey ship allowed Darwin to indulge his love of nature and make observations that enabled him to develop a theory of evolution.
8.4: Observing geographic similarities and differences among fossils and living plants and animals, Darwin developed a theory of evolution.
8.5: Evolution occurs when the allele frequencies in a population change.
8.6: Mutation—a direct change in the DNA of an individual—is the ultimate source of all genetic variation.
8.7: Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies in a population.
8.8: Migration into or out of a population may change allele frequencies.
8.9: When three simple conditions are satisfied, evolution by natural selection is occurring.
8.10: A trait does not decrease in frequency simply because it is recessive.
8.11: Traits causing some individuals to have more offspring than others become more prevalent in the population.
8.12: Organisms in a population can become better matched to their environment through natural selection.
8.13: Natural selection does not lead to perfect organisms.
8.14: Artificial selection is a special case of natural selection.
8.15: Natural selection can change the traits in a population in several ways.
8.16: THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: By picking taller plants, do humans unconsciously drive the evolution of smaller plants?
8.17: Natural selection can cause the evolution of complex traits and behaviors.
8.18: The fossil record documents the process of natural selection.
8.19: Geographic patterns of species distributions reflect species’ evolutionary histories.
8.20: Comparative anatomy and embryology reveal common evolutionary origins.
8.21: Molecular biology reveals that common genetic sequences link all life forms.
8.22: Laboratory and field experiments enable us to watch evolution in progress.
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Key Terms in Evolution and Natural Selection
COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION, AND CONFLICT IN THE ANIMAL WORLD
9.1: Behavior has adaptive value, just like other traits.
9.2: Some behaviors are innate.
9.3: Some behaviors must be learned (and some are learned more easily than others).
9.4: Complex-appearing behaviors don’t require complex thought in order to evolve.
9.5: “Kindness” can be explained.
9.6: Apparent altruism toward relatives can evolve through kin selection.
9.7: Apparent altruism toward unrelated individuals can evolve through reciprocal altruism.
9.8: In an “alien” environment, behaviors produced by natural selection may no longer be adaptive.
9.9: Selfish genes win out over group selection.
9.10: There are big differences in how much males and females must invest in reproduction.
9.11: Males and females are vulnerable at different stages of the reproductive exchange.
9.12: Tactics for getting a mate: competition and courtship can help males and females secure reproductive success.
9.13: Tactics for keeping a mate: mate guarding can protect a male’s reproductive investment.
9.14 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: When paternity uncertainty seems greater, is paternal care reduced?
9.15: Monogamy versus polygamy: mating behaviors can vary across human and animal cultures.
9.16: Sexual dimorphism is an indicator of a population’s mating behavior.
9.17: Animal communication and language abilities evolve.
9.18: Honest signals reduce deception.
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Key Terms in Evolution and Behavior
UNDERSTANDING BIODIVERSITY
10.1: Complex organic molecules arise in non-living environments.
10.2: Cells and self-replicating systems evolved together to create the first life.
10.3 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Could life have originated in ice, rather than in a “warm little pond”?
10.4: What is a species?
10.5: How do we name species?
10.6: Species are not always easily defined.
10.7: How do new species arise?
10.8: The history of life can be imagined as a tree.
10.9: Evolutionary trees show ancestor-descendant relationships.
10.10: Similar structures don’t always reveal common ancestry.
10.11: Macroevolution is evolution above the species level.
10.12: The pace of evolution is not constant.
10.13: Adaptive radiations are times of extreme diversification.
10.14: There have been several mass extinctions on earth.
10.15: All living organisms are classified into one of three groups.
10.16: The bacteria domain has tremendous biological diversity.
10.17: The archaea domain includes many species living in extreme environments.
10.18: The eukarya domain consists of four kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
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Key Terms in The Origin and Diversification of Life on Earth
VISIBILITY IN MOTION
11.1: What is an animal?
11.2: There are no “higher” or “lower” species.
11.3: Four key distinctions divide the animals.
11.4: Sponges are animals that lack tissues and organs.
11.5: Jellyfishes and other cnidarians are among the most poisonous animals in the world.
11.6: Flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms come in all shapes and sizes.
11.7: Most mollusks live in shells.
11.8: Are some animals smarter than others?
11.9: Arthropods are the most diverse group of all animals.
11.10 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: How many species are there on earth?
11.11: Flight and metamorphosis produced the greatest adaptive radiation ever.
11.12: Echinoderms are vertebrates’ closest invertebrate relatives and include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars.
11.13: All vertebrates are members of the phylum Chordata.
11.14: The evolution of jaws and fins gave rise to the vast diversity of vertebrate species.
11.15: The movement onto land required lungs, a rigid backbone, four legs, and eggs that resist drying.
11.16: Amphibians live a double life.
11.17: Birds are reptiles in which feathers evolved.
11.18: Mammals are animals that have hair and produce milk.
11.19: Humans tried out different lifestyles.
11.20: How did we get here? The past 200,000 years of human evolution.
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Key Terms in Animal Diversification
WHERE DID ALL THE PLANTS AND FUNGI COME FROM?
12.1: What makes a plant?
12.2: Colonizing land brings new opportunities and new challenges.
12.3: Mosses and other non-vascular plants lack vessels for transporting nutrients and water.
12.4: The evolution of vascular tissue made large plants possible.
12.5: What is a seed?
12.6: With the evolution of the seed, gymnosperms became the dominant plants on earth.
12.7: Conifers include the tallest and longest-living trees.
12.8: Angiosperms are the dominant plants today.
12.9: A flower is nothing without a pollinator.
12.10: Angiosperms improve seeds with double fertilization.
12.11: Fleshy fruits are bribes that flowering plants pay animals to disperse their seeds.
12.12: Unable to escape, plants must resist predation in other ways.
12.13: Fungi are closer to animals than they are to plants.
12.14: Fungi have some structures in common, but exploit an enormous diversity of habitats.
12.15: Most plants have fungal symbionts.
12.16: THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Can beneficial fungi save our chocolate?
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Key Terms in Plant and Fungi Diversification
BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTISTS, AND VIRUSES: THE UNSEEN WORLD
13.1: Not all microbes are closely related evolutionarily.
13.2: Microbes are the simplest but most successful organisms on earth.
13.3: What are bacteria?
13.4: Bacterial growth and reproduction is fast and efficient.
13.5: Metabolic diversity among the bacteria is extreme.
13.6: Many bacteria are beneficial to humans.
13.7: THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Are bacteria thriving in our offices, on our desks?
13.8: Bacteria cause many human diseases.
13.9: Sexually transmitted diseases reveal battles between microbes and humans.
13.10: Bacteria’s resistance to drugs can evolve quickly.
13.11: Archaea are profoundly different from bacteria.
13.12: Archaea thrive in habitats too extreme for most other organisms.
13.13: The first eukaryotes were protists.
13.14: There are animal-like protists, fungus-like protists, and plant-like protists.
13.15: Some protists can make you very sick.
13.16: Viruses are not exactly living organisms.
13.17: Viruses are responsible for many health problems.
13.18: Viruses infect a wide range of organisms.
13.19: HIV illustrates the difficulty of controlling infectious viruses.
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Key Terms in Evolution and Diversity Among the Microbes
PLANET AT CAPACITY: PATTERNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
14.1: What is ecology?
14.2: A population perspective is necessary in ecology.
14.3: Populations can grow quickly for a while, but not forever.
14.4: A population’s growth is limited by its environment.
14.5: Some populations cycle between large and small.
14.6: “Maximum sustainable yield” is useful but nearly impossible to implement.
14.7: Life histories are shaped by natural selection.
14.8: There are trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and longevity.
14.9 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Life history trade-offs: rapid growth comes at a cost.
14.10: Populations can be described quantitatively in life tables and survivorship curves.
14.11: Things fall apart: what is aging and why does it occur?
14.12: What determines the average longevity in different species?
14.13: Can we slow down the process of aging?
14.14: Age pyramids reveal much about a population.
14.15: As less-developed countries become more developed, a demographic transition often occurs.
14.16: Human population growth: how high can it go?
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Key Terms in Population Ecology
ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
15.1: What are ecosystems?
15.2: Biomes are large ecosystems that occur around the world, each determined by temperature and rainfall.
15.3: Global air circulation patterns create deserts and rain forests.
15.4: Local topography influences the weather.
15.5: Ocean currents affect the weather.
15.6: Energy flows from producers to consumers.
15.7: Energy pyramids reveal the inefficiency of food chains.
15.8: Essential chemicals cycle through ecosystems.
15.9: Each species’ role in a community is defined as its niche.
15.10: Interacting species evolve together.
15.11: Competition can be hard to see, yet it influences community structure.
15.12: Predation produces adaptation in both predators and their prey.
15.13: Parasitism is a form of predation.
15.14: Not all species interactions are negative: mutualism and commensalism.
15.15: THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Investigating ants, plants, and the unintended consequences of environmental intervention.
15.16: Many communities change over time.
15.17: Some species are more important than others within a community.
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Key Terms in Ecosystems and Communities
HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
16.1: Biodiversity can have many types of value.
16.2 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: When 200,000 tons of methane disappears, how do you find it?
16.3: Biodiversity occurs at multiple levels.
16.4: Where is most biodiversity?
16.5: There are multiple causes of extinction.
16.6: We are in the midst of a mass extinction.
16.7: Some ecosystem disturbances are reversible, others are not.
16.8: Human activities can damage the environment: 1. Introduced non-native species may wipe out native organisms.
16.9: Human activities can damage the environment: 2. Acid rain harms forests and aquatic ecosystems.
16.10: Human activities can damage the environment: 3. The release of greenhouse gases can influence the global climate.
16.11: Human activities can damage the environment: 4. Deforestation of rain forests causes loss of species and the release of carbon.
16.12: Reversing ozone layer depletion illustrates the power of good science, effective policymaking, and international cooperation.
16.13: With limited conservation resources, we must prioritize which species should be preserved.
16.14: There are multiple effective strategies for preserving biodiversity.
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Key Terms in Conservation and Biodiversity
HOW PLANTS FUNCTION, AND WHY WE NEED THEM
17.1: Older, taller, bigger: plants are extremely diverse (but share a basic structural organization).
17.2: Flowering plants are divided into two major groups: the monocots and the eudicots.
17.3: Plants are organized into tissues, each with specific functions.
17.4: Roots anchor the plant and take up water and minerals.
17.5: Stems are the backbone of the plant.
17.6: Leaves feed the plant.
17.7: Several structures help plants resist water loss.
17.8: Four factors are necessary for plant growth.
17.9: Nutrients cycle from soil to organisms and back again.
17.10: Plants acquire essential nitrogen with the help of bacteria.
17.11 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Carnivorous plants can consume prey and do photosynthesis. Why are they confined to bogs and other nutrient-poor habitats?
17.12: Plants take up water and minerals through their roots.
17.13: Water and minerals are distributed through the xylem.
17.14: Sugar and other nutrients are distributed through the phloem.
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Key Terms in Plant Structure and Nutrient Transport
PROBLEM SOLVING WITH FLOWERS AND WOOD
18.1: Plant evolution has given rise to two methods of reproduction.
18.2: Many plants can reproduce asexually when necessary.
18.3: Plants can reproduce sexually, even without moving.
18.4: The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction.
18.5: The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
18.6: Female gametes develop in embryo sacs.
18.7: Plants need help getting the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization.
18.8 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Does it matter how much nectar a flower produces?
18.9: Fertilization occurs after pollination.
18.10: Most plants can avoid self-fertilization.
18.11: Following fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed.
18.12: Fruits are a way for plants to disperse their seeds.
18.13: How do seeds germinate and grow?
18.14: Plants grow differently from animals.
18.15: Primary plant growth occurs at the apical meristems.
18.16: Secondary growth produces wood.
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Key Terms in Growth and Reproduction of Plants
DEFENDING AND REGULATING WHILE ROOTED IN THE GROUND
19.1: Plants actively resist being eaten.
19.2 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Do thorns really protect plants from being eaten?
19.3: Special adaptations help some plants thrive in extreme habitats.
19.4: Hormones help plants respond to their environments.
19.5: Seed germination and stem elongation are stimulated by gibberellins.
19.6: Seedlings grow and properly orient themselves under the direction of auxins.
19.7: Other plant hormones regulate flowering, fruit ripening, and responses to stress.
19.8: Tropisms influence plants’ direction of growth.
19.9: Plants have internal biological clocks.
19.10: With photoperiodism and dormancy, plants detect and prepare for winter.
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Key Terms in Growth and Reproduction of Plants
PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION
20.1 Most animal bodies are organized in a hierarchy from cells to tissues, organs, and organ systems.
20.2 Connective tissue provides support.
20.3 Epithelial tissue covers most interior and exterior surfaces of the body.
20.4 Muscle tissue enables movement.
20.5 Nervous tissue transmits information.
20.6 Each organ system performs special tasks.
20.7 Our bodies function best within a narrow range of internal conditions.
20.8 Animals regulate their internal environment through homeostasis.
20.9 Negative and positive feedback systems influence homeostasis.
20.10 Temperature control is a component of homeostasis.
20.11 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Why do we yawn?
20.12 Animals must balance their water content within a narrow range.
20.13 In humans, the kidneys regulate water balance.
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Key Terms in Introduction to Animal Physiology
TRANSPORTING FUEL, RAW MATERIALS, AND GASES INTO, OUT OF, AND AROUND THE BODY
21.1: What is a circulatory system, and why is one needed?
21.2: Circulatory systems can be open or closed.
21.3: Vertebrates have several different types of closed circulatory systems.
21.4: Blood flows through the four chambers of the human heart.
21.5: Electrical activity in the heart generates the heartbeat.
21.6: Blood flows out of and back to the heart in blood vessels.
21.7 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Does thinking make your head heavier?
21.8: Blood is a mixture of cells and fluid.
21.9: Blood pressure is a key measure of heart health.
21.10: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the United States.
21.11: The lymphatic system plays a supporting role in circulation.
21.12: Oxygen and carbon dioxide must get into and out of the circulatory system.
21.13: Oxygen is transported while bound to hemoglobin.
21.14: Gas exchange takes place in the gills of aquatic vertebrates.
21.15: Respiratory systems of terrestrial vertebrates move oxygen-rich air into and carbon-dioxide-rich air out of the lungs.
21.16: Birds have unusually efficient respiratory systems.
21.17: Muscles control the flow of air into and out of the lungs.
21.18: Animals living at high elevations have special adaptations to the low-oxygen conditions.
21.19: Humans become acclimated to low-oxygen conditions.
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Key Terms in Circulation and Respiration
AT REST AND AT PLAY: OPTIMIZING HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING
22.1: Why do organisms need food?
22.2: What’s on the menu? Animals have a variety of diets.
22.3 Calories count: organisms need sufficient energy.
22.4: Water is an essential nutrient.
22.5: Proteins in food are broken down to build proteins in the body.
22.6: Carbohydrates and lipids provide bodies with energy and more.
22.7: Vitamins and minerals are necessary for good health.
22.8: We convert food into nutrients in four steps.
22.9: Ingestion is the first step in the breakdown of food.
22.10: Digestion dismantles food into usable parts.
22.11: Absorption moves nutrients from your gut to your cells.
22.12: Elimination removes unusable materials from your body.
22.13: Animals have some alternative means for processing their food.
22.14: What constitutes a healthy diet?
22.15 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Does human judgment depend on blood sugar?
22.16: obesity can result from too much of a good thing.
22.17: Weight-loss diets are a losing proposition.
22.18: Diabetes is caused by the body’s inability to regulate blood sugar effectively.
22.19: Food and infection: spicy foods may act as natural antibiotics.
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Key Terms in Nutrition and Digestion
ACTIONS, REACTIONS, SENSATIONS, AND ADDICTIONS: MEET YOUR NERVOUS SYSTEM
23.1: Why do we need a nervous system?
23.2: Neurons are the building blocks of all nervous systems.
23.3: The vertebrate nervous system consists of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
23.4: Dendrites receive external stimuli.
23.5: The action potential propagates a signal down the axon.
23.6: At the synapse, neurons interact with other cells.
23.7: There are many types of neurotransmitters.
23.8: Sensory receptors are our windows to the world around us.
23.9: Taste: an action potential serves up a taste sensation to the brain.
23.10: Smell: receptors in the nose detect airborne chemicals.
23.11: Vision: seeing is the perception of light by the brain.
23.12: Hearing: sound waves are collected by the ears and stimulate auditory neurons.
23.13: Touch: the brain perceives pressure, temperature, and pain.
23.14: Other senses help animals negotiate the world.
23.15: Muscles generate force through contraction.
23.16: Skeletal systems enable movement, among several other important functions.
23.17: The brain is organized into several distinct regions.
23.18: Specific brain areas are involved in the processes of learning, language, and memory.
23.19 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Can intense cognitive training induce brain growth?
23.20: Our nervous system can be tricked by chemicals.
23.21: A brain slows down when it needs sleep. Caffeine wakes it up.
23.22: Alcohol interferes with many different neurotransmitters.
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Key Terms in Nervous and Motor Systems
MOOD, EMOTIONS, GROWTH, AND MORE: HORMONES AS MASTER REGULATORS
24.1: The “cuddle” chemical: oxytocin increases trust and enhances pair bonding.
24.2: Hormones travel through the circulatory system to influence cells elsewhere in the body.
24.3: Hormones can regulate target tissues in different ways.
24.4: The hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary.
24.5: Other endocrine glands also produce and secrete hormones.
24.6: Hormones can affect physique and physical performance.
24.7: Hormones can affect mood.
24.8: Hormones can affect behavior.
24.9: Hormones can affect cognitive performance.
24.10: Hormones can affect health and longevity.
24.11: Chemicals in the environment can mimic or block hormones, with disastrous results.
24.12 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Would you like your receipt? (Maybe not.)
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Key Terms in Hormones
FROM TWO PARENTS TO ONE EMBRYO TO ONE BABY
25.1: Reproductive options (and ethical issues) are on the rise.
25.2: There are costs and benefits to having a partner: sexual versus asexual reproduction.
25.3: Fertilization can occur inside or outside a female’s body.
25.4: Sperm are made in the testes.
25.5: There is unseen conflict among sperm cells.
25.6 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Can males increase sperm investment in response to the presence of another male?
25.7: Eggs are made in the ovaries (and the process can take decades).
25.8: Hormones direct the process of ovulation and the preparation for gestation.
25.9: In fertilization, two cells become one.
25.10: Numerous strategies can help prevent fertilization.
25.11: Sexually transmitted diseases reveal battles between microbes and humans.
25.12: Early embryonic development occurs during cleavage, gastrulation, and neurulation.
25.13: How does an embryo become male or female?
25.14: There are three stages of pregnancy.
25.15: Pregnancy culminates in childbirth and the start of lactation.
25.16: Assisted reproductive technologies are promising and perilous.
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Key Terms in Reproduction and Development
HOW THE BODY DEFENDS AND MAINTAINS ITSELF
26.1 Three lines of defense prevent and fight pathogen attacks.
26.2 External barriers prevent pathogens from entering your body.
26.3 The non-specific division of the immune system recognizes and fights pathogens and signals for additional defenses.
26.4 The non-specific system responds to infection with the inflammatory response and with fever.
26.5 The specific division of the immune system forms a memory of specific pathogens.
26.6 The structure of antibodies reflects their function.
26.7 Lymphocytes fight pathogens on two fronts.
26.8 Clonal selection helps in fighting infection now and later.
26.9 THIS IS HOW WE DO IT: Does contact with dogs make kids healthier?
26.10 Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells serve different functions.
26.11 Autoimmune diseases occur when the body turns against its own tissues.
26.12 AIDS is an immune deficiency disease.
26.13 Allergies are an inappropriate immune response to a harmless substance.
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Key Terms in Immunity and Health
Periodic Table
Index