Plants can reproduce sexually and asexually.

• 18.1 Plant evolution has given rise to two methods of reproduction.
• 18.2 Many plants can reproduce asexually when necessary.
• 18.3 Plants can reproduce sexually, even without moving.

Flowers have several roles in plant reproduction.

• 18.4 The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction.
• 18.5 The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains.
• 18.6 Female gametes develop in embryo sacs.

Pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal often depend on help from other organisms.

• 18.7 Plants need help getting the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization.
• 18.8 This is how we do it: Does it matter how much nectar a flower produces?
• 18.9 Fertilization occurs after pollination.
• 18.10 Most plants can avoid self-fertilization.
• 18.11 Following fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed.
• 18.12 Fruits are a way for plants to disperse their seeds.

Plants have two types of growth, usually enabling lifelong increases in length and thickness.

• 18.13 How do seeds germinate and grow?
• 18.14 Plants grow differently from animals.
• 18.15 Primary plant growth occurs at the apical meristems.
• 18.16 Secondary growth produces wood.