18  •  Growth and Reproduction in Plants 725

Problem solving with flowers and wood

Plants can reproduce sexually and asexually. 726

18.1

Plant evolution has given rise to two methods of reproduction. 726

18.2

Many plants can reproduce asexually when necessary. 727

18.3

Plants can reproduce sexually, even without moving. 729

Flowers have several roles in plant reproduction. 733

18.4

The flower is the chief structure for sexual reproduction. 733

18.5

The male reproductive structure produces pollen grains. 735

18.6

Female gametes develop in embryo sacs. 737

Pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal often depend on help from other organisms. 738

18.7

Plants need help getting the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization. 738

18.8

This is how we do it: Does it matter how much nectar a flower produces? 740

18.9

Fertilization occurs after pollination. 741

18.10

Most plants can avoid self-fertilization. 743

18.11

Following fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. 744

18.12

Fruits are a way for plants to disperse their seeds. 745

Plants have two types of growth, usually enabling lifelong increases in length and thickness. 748

18.13

How do seeds germinate and grow? 748

18.14

Plants grow differently from animal. 750

18.15

Primary plant growth occurs at the apical meristems. 752

18.16

Secondary growth produces wood. 753

StreetBIO: KNOWLEDGE YOU CAN USE

When is a fruit not a fruit? Or, you can’t always trust your government when it comes to botany. 756