As a new graduate student at Harvard, I heard from experienced teaching fellows that if you were interested in learning how to be an effective teacher, it was essential to seek out extraordinary mentors. Based on word of mouth, I became involved with E. O. Wilson’s course in Evolutionary Biology and Irven DeVore’s course in Human Behavioral Biology. Both were known to be unusually provocative, challenging, and entertaining classes for non-science majors. I aggressively pursued teaching positions in both classes—which I held onto tightly for twelve semesters. Working under these legendary educators, I was set on a course that inspired and prepared me to write this book.

The two courses were quite different from each other, but at their core both were built on two beliefs that are central to this book and to my thinking about education: (1) Biology is creative, interesting, and fun. (2) Biology is relevant to the daily life of every person. There was a palpable sense that, in teaching non-science majors especially, we had a responsibility to provide our students with the tools to thrive in a society increasingly permeated by scientific ideas and issues, and that one of our most effective strategies would be to convey the excitement we felt for biology and the enormous practical value it has to help us understand the world. I thank Professors Wilson and DeVore for all that they have shared with me.

My development as a scientist and, particularly, my appreciation for rigorous and methodical critical thinking have been shaped by the kind support and wise guidance of Richard Lewontin. I have also been fortunate to have as a long-time mentor and collaborator Michael Rose, who has instilled in me a healthy skepticism about any observation in life that is not fivefold replicated. And for almost daily insightful input on matters relating to scientific content, teaching, writing, and more, I thank Terry Burnham.

There are many other friends and colleagues I wish to thank for helping me with What Is Life?

In researching and writing the book and in developing the numerous courses I teach, I have benefited from more than a decade of perceptive and valuable contributions, too numerous to list, from Glenn Adelson, Alon Ziv, and Michael Cooperson. I am tremendously appreciative of all they have done for me.

For a project covering so many topics and years, it is essential to have a close group of trusted, tolerant, and knowledgeable colleagues. I am grateful to Alicia Moretti, Harold Owens, Greg Graffin, Brian Swartz, Greg Laden, Jeff Egger, Andy Tobias, Elisabeth Tobias, Joshua Malina, Melissa Merwin-Malina, Bill U’ren, Chris Bruno, and Michelle Richmond, who have offered advice, guidance, and support, far beyond the call of duty.

Numerous colleagues at UCLA provided assistance and support, including Steve Strand, Cliff Brunk, Fred Eiserling, Victoria Sork, Deb Pires, Lianna Johnson, Gaston Pfluegl, Frank Laski, Jeff Thomas, and Tracy Knox. As a result of their commitment to excellence in the UCLA Department of Life Science Core Education, I have been able to acquire a wealth of experiences that have helped me continue improving as a teacher.

I owe a tremendous debt to Sara Tenney, without whose encouragement and support this project could never have been begun or completed.

W. H. Freeman is an extremely author-centric publisher. Throughout the process of creating this book, Liz Widdicombe, John Sargent, and Susan Winslow have been tremendously supportive. I am grateful for their welcoming me into their publishing family. Publisher Peter Marshall has been a tenacious, versatile, and skillful manager of the entire team. I am very fortunate to have such a wise leader and friend overseeing all aspects of this project. The team of editors that worked with me on this book improved it immeasurably. Most importantly, development editor Beth Marsh oversaw every aspect of the writing and production of the book, attending to issues of content, production, and design while making insightful contributions throughout and expertly managing the thousand details necessary to put everything together. I could not have completed this book without Beth’s commitment and guidance. I must also convey my gratitude to development editor Jane Tufts, whose meticulous attention to detail, commitment to accuracy, and almost obsessive drive to create a thorough and readable book are apparent on every page.

It is impossible to teach biology without illustrations. My deepest gratitude goes to Tommy Moorman for creating such innovative and effective figures for the book. Tommy’s vision for an elegant and beautiful art program completely integrated with the text is apparent on every page. Working with him to develop each illustration in this book has been (and continues to be) one of my most enjoyable and satisfying professional collaborations. Thanks also go to Alison Kendall, Tamara Lau, and Erin Daniel for assisting with the creation of the illustrations. For the design of the book, I thank Tom Carling. And for excellent assistance with photo research, thanks to Julia Phelan, Jennifer Atkins, and Christine Buese.

For creating the innovative media and print materials that accompany the book, I am thankful for the contributions of Mike Jones and for the extensive input of Amanda Dunning and Elaine Palucki. I thank all of the contributors and advisors who helped create the student and instructor resources; your efforts have been invaluable. I thank Jennifer Warner and Meredith Norris for their work on the Student Success Guide. I also appreciate the contributions of Troy Williams and the PrepU team. Sheri Snavely provided significant input in developing pedagogical strategies throughout the book; I also appreciate her thoughtful and wise advice at nearly every step in the publishing process. Copyeditor Linda Strange helped to ensure consistency, accuracy, and readability throughout the text. The rest of the life sciences editorial team at W. H. Freeman, too, have been knowledgeable and supportive, particularly Anna Bristow, Lisa Samols, Susan Moran, Kate Parker, and Elaine Palucki. For their efficiency and commitment to producing a beautiful book, I am most grateful to the W. H. Freeman production team: Sheridan Sellers, Elizabeth Geller, Paul Rohloff, Diana Blume, and Catherine Woods.

XXXVIII

The people on the marketing team at W. H. Freeman have contributed enormously in helping with the challenging task of introducing this book to students and instructors across the country. John Britch, Shannon Howard, and Todd Elder have been enthusiastic and dedicated in creating materials and strategies to assist instructors in evaluating the ways in which What Is Life? can aid them as they develop their own courses and strategies for success.

Finally, I thank my family—Kevin Phelan, Patrick Phelan, Erin Enderlin, and my parents—for their unwavering support and interest as I wrote this book. Reading draft after draft and following each revision, they made valuable contributions at every stage. I thank Charlie, Jack, and Sam, too. Most of all, for her generous and passionate support of this project from day one, her substantive contributions to both the content and presentation of ideas, and so much more, I thank Julia.

The content of this book has been greatly improved through the comments of reviewers and students. Your comments, suggestions, and criticism are also welcome; they are essential in guiding its ongoing evolution. Please contact the author at jay@jayphelan.com. I’m serious.

XXXIX

We thank the many reviewers who aided in the development of this text.

Third Edition Development

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XL

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XLI

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Robert Lishak, Auburn University

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Tom Maida, Santa Fe College

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Jeanne Mitchell, Truman State University

Par Mohammadian, Los Angeles Mission College

Robert Moldenhauer, St. Clair County Community College

XLII

Charles Molnar, Camosun College

Thomas Montagno, Mount Wachusett Community College

Scott Moody, Ohio University

Vertigo Moody, Santa Fe College

Brenda Moore, Truman State University

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Jeanelle Morgan, University of North Georgia

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Tim Mulkey, Indiana State University

John Mull, Weber State University

Catherine Murphy, Ocean County College

Christine Mutiti, Georgia College and State University

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Zia Nisani, Antelope Valley College

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Judith Ogilvie, St. Louis University

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Joshua Osborn, Henry Ford College

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Mary O’Sullivan, Elgin Community College

Kathleen Page, Bucknell University

David Palmer, Motlow State Community College

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Joshua Parker, Clayton State University

Ann Paterson, Williams Baptist College

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James Peliska, Ave Maria University

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Saroj Pramanik, Morgan State University

Heather Prestridge, Blinn College

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Dorothy Puckett, Kilgore College

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Chittur Radhakrishnan, Santa Fe College

Jeffery Ray, University of North Alabama

Mario Raya, MassBay Community College

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Amy Reber, Georgia State University

Timothy Redman, SUNY Sullivan

Nick Reeves, Mt. San Jacinto College

Rob Reinsvold, University of Northern Colorado

Erin Rempala, San Diego City College

Ashley Rhodes, Kansas State University

Eugenia Ribeiro-Hurley, Fordham University

Stanley Rice, Southeastern Oklahoma State University

Brenden Rickards, Gloucester County College

Allison Rober, Ball State University

Leah Roesch, Emory University

Karen Rogowski, Baruch College

Peggy Rolfsen, Cincinnati State Technical and Community College

Chris Romero, Front Range Community College–Larimer Campus

Lori Rose, Sam Houston State University

Sadie Rosenthal, Cascadia Community College

Judy Rosovsky, Johnson State College

Hiranya Roychowdhury, New Mexico State University–Doña Ana Community College

Yelena Rudayeva, Palm Beach State College

Lynn Rumfelt, Gordon College

Heather Rushforth, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Lynette Rushton, South Puget Sound Community College

Michael Rutledge, Middle Tennessee State University

Kim Sadler, Middle Tennessee State University

Stephen Salek, Fayetteville State University

Sydha Salihu, West Virginia University

Shamili Sandiford, College of DuPage

Georgianna Saunders, Missouri State University

Michael Sawey, Texas Christian University

Michael Scanlon, Cornell University

John Schampel, Phoenix Community College

Anna Schmidt, University of Wisconsin–Platteville

Emily Schmitt, Nova Southeastern University

Doreen Schroeder, University of St. Thomas

Malcolm Schug, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Jennifer Scoby, Illinois Central College

Craig Scott, Clarion University

Michael Scott, Lincoln University

Erik Scully, Towson University

Robin Searles-Adenegan, University of Maryland University College

Pramila Sen, Houston Community College

Carla Serfas, Henry Ford Community College

Brian Seymour, Edward Waters College

Wallace Sharif, Morehouse College

Elizabeth Sharpe-Aparicio, Blinn College

Dave Sheldon, St. Clair County Community College

Marilyn Shopper, Johnson County Community College

Mark Shotwell, Slippery Rock University

Allan Showalter, Ohio University

Eric Shows, Jones County Junior College

Jack Shurley, Idaho State University

Amanda Simmons, Technical College of the Lowcountry

Jeffrey Simmons, Mount St. Mary’s University

Derek Sims, Hopkinsville Community College

Michael Small, Texas State University

Jennifer Smith, Triton College

Rob Smith, McHenry County College

Tom Smith, Brigham Young University

William Smith, Wake Forest University

Anna Bess Sorin, University of Memphis

Kathryn Sparace, Tri-County Technical College

Salvatore Sparace, Clemson University

Ashley Spring, Brevard Community College; Eastern Florida State College

William Sproat, Walters State Community College

Brooke Stabler, University of Central Oklahoma

Sonja Stampfler, Kellogg Community College

Sharon Standridge, Middle Georgia State College

Wendy Stankovich, University of Wisconsin–Platteville

John Starnes, Somerset Community College

Nancy Staub, Gonzaga University

Thomas Stege, Austin Community College

Mikel Stevens, Brigham Young University

Jon Stoltzfus, Michigan State University

Lisa Strong, Northwest Mississippi Community College

Irina Stroup, Shasta College

Julie Stupi, Lakeland Community College

Aaron Sullivan, Houghton College

Susan Sullivan, Louisiana State University at Alexandria

Qiang Sun, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point

Kirby Swenson, Middle Georgia College

Joyce Tamashiro, University of Puget Sound

David Tapley, Salem State University

XLIII

Tatiana Tatum Parker, St. Xavier University

Kimberly Taugher, Diablo Valley College

Mike Taylor, Santiago Canyon College

Shervia Taylor, Southern University

Franklyn Te, Miami Dade College

Don Terpening, Ulster County Community College

Pamela Thinesen, Century College

Jeffrey Thomas, Queens University of Charlotte

Anna Thompson, Feather River College

Jamey Thompson, Hudson Valley Community College

Rita Thrasher, Pensacola State College

Nina Thumser, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

Candace Timpte, Georgia Gwinnett College

Jonathan Titus, SUNY Fredonia

Anne Tokazewski, Burlington County College

Robert Tompkins, Belmont Abbey College

Willetta Toole-Simms, Azusa Pacific University

Michelle Tremblay, Georgia Southern University

Dan Trubovitz, San Diego Miramar College

Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University

Marsha Turell, Houston Community College

Corey Turner, Lone Star College

Muatasem Ubeidat, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

Sophia Ushinsky, Concordia University

Jagan Valluri, Marshall University

Tom Vance, Navarro College

Pete van Dyke, Walla Walla Community College

Eric Vaught, Northwest Arkansas Community College

Jose Vazquez, New York University

Leticia Vega, Barry University

Aggie Veld, Olivet Nazarene University

William Velhagen, New York University

Uma Vithala, Des Moines Area Community College

Jennifer Vlk, Elgin Community College

Ann Vogelmann, Augustana College

Amie Voorhees, Fresno City College

Walt Wagner, Rowan University

Kaherine Warpeha, University of Illinois Chicago

Kathy Webb, Bucks County Community College

Colby Weeks, Brigham Young University–Hawaii

Charles Welsh, Duquesne University

Michael Wenzel, Folsom Lake College

Alexander Werth, Hampden-Sydney College

Alicia Whatley, Troy University

Clay White, Lone Star College–CyFair

Jennifer Wiatrowski, Pasco-Hernando Community College

Rachel Wiechman, West Liberty University

Torelen Winbush, Westwood College

Donnell Young, Waubonsee Community College

John Zamora, Middle Tennessee State University

Lara Zerkowski, Albright College

Ted Zerucha, Appalachian State University

Brenda Zink, Northeastern Junior College

Contributors and Advisors

Instructor’s Manual—Classroom Catalysts

Verona A. Barr, Heartland Community College

Stephen M. Gómez, Central New Mexico

Community College

Paul H. Marshall, Northern Essex Community

College

eBook and Non-Major’s Biology Study Tools

Christine Lama

Mark S. Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College

Jeffrey Thomas, Queens University

Exploring Biology: Case Studies

Michelle Cawthorn, Georgia Southern University

Jennifer L. Holzman, Emory University

Figure Conversion Engine

Ann Aguanno, Marymount Manhattan College

Hands-On Biology: Laboratories for Distance Learning

Mimi Bres, Cassandra Moore-Crawford, and Arnold

Weisshaar, Prince George’s Community College (all)

Image Bank Advisor

Jane J. Henry, Baton Rouge Community College

Keynote Lecture Presentation

Michael C. Bucher, College of San Mateo

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines

Kristen L. Curran, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Danielle DuCharme, Waubonsee Community College

Jennifer Lange, Chabot College

Mark S. Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College

Prep-U Instructor’s Test Bank and

Prep-U for Students

Glenn Adelson, Lake Forrest College

Jay Phelan, University of California, Los Angeles

Julia Phelan, University of California, Los Angeles

Alon Ziv, Prep-U

Q Animations

Anne Bunnell, East Carolina University

Erastus (Topher) Dudley, Huntingdon College

Johnny El-Rady, University of South Florida

Julie V. Gibbs, College of DuPage

Tina Hopper, Missouri State University

Tracy Hurley, Sumanas, Inc.

Eric Stavney

Sheela Vemu, Northern Illinois University

Carol L. Wymer, Morehead State University

Sophia Ushinsky, Stetson University

Student Worksheets

Michael C. Bucher, College of San Mateo

Active Learning Lecture Outlines

Kristen L. Curran, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

Mark S. Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College

Bio 101 Tutorials

Amy Horner-Reber, Georgia State University

Kavita Oommen, Georgia State University

Biology Connections Articles

Amy Coombs

Paul H. Marshall, Northern Essex Community College

Second Edition Text Development

Jessica Adams, Southwestern Illinois College

Sylvester Allred, Northern Arizona University

Kim Atwood, Cumberland University

Nina Baghai-Riding, Delta State University

E. A. Bailey, Alamance Community College

Donna Becker, Northern Michigan University

Charles Biles, East Central University

Tolga Bilgen, University of Washington

Donna Bivans, Pitt Community College

TJ Bliss, Brigham Young University

Barbara Blonder, Flagler College

Judy Bluemer, Morton College

Cheryl Boice, Florida Gateway College

Lisa Boggs, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

Bruno Borsari, Winona State University

Laura Bradshaw, Illinois Central College

Judy Brooks, Blinn College

Wendy Brown, Danville Area Community College

Bruce Carroll, Lone Star College–North Harris

Michelle Cawthorn, Georgia Southern University

David Chambers, Concord University

Jianguo Chen, Claflin University

Richard Cheney, Christopher Newport University

Genevieve Chung, Broward College

Elizabeth Co, Diablo Valley College

Robert Conover, Glendale College

Erica Corbett, Southeastern Oklahoma State University

XLIV

Cathy Cornett, University of Wisconsin–Platteville

Sarah Cotton, Chaffey College

James Courtright, Marquette University

Richard Cowart, University of Dubuque

Hattie Dambroski, Normandale Community College

Jim Daugherty, Glendale Community College

Buffany DeBoer, Wayne State College

Jennifer Dechaine, Central Washington University

Tracy Deem, Bridgewater College

Theresa Dehne, Chippewa Valley Technical College

Paul Delaney, Copper Mountain Community College

Danielle Dodenhoff, California State University Bakersfield

Craig Denesha, Spartanburg Community College

Hartmut Doebel, George Washington University

Brett Dooley, Patrick Henry Community College

Hawkins Dowis, Fresno City College

Dani DuCharme, Waubonsee Community College

Jacquelyn Duke, Baylor University

Michael Edgehouse, Lewis-Clark State College

Jamin Eisenbach, Eastern Michigan University

Jennifer Ellington, Belmont Abbey College

Susan Epperson, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

Marirose Ethington, Genesee Community College

Myriam Feldman, Lake Washington Institute of Technology

Arnaldo Ferreira, Chaffey College

Ryan Fisher, Salem State University

Reza Forough, Bellevue College

Brandon Foster, Wake Technical Community College

Sarah Gall, Ashford University

Cynthia Galloway, Texas A&M University–Kingsville

Joseph Gar, West Kentucky Community and Technical College

Tom Gehring, Central Michigan University

Alexandros Georgakilas, East Carolina University

Patricia Geppert, University of Texas at San Antonio

Julie Gibbs, College of DuPage

Caitlin Gille, Pasco Hernando Community College

Brad Goodbar, College of the Sequoias

Becky Graham, Ohio Dominican University

Sherri Graves, Sacramento City College

Madoka Gray-Mitsumune, Concordia University

Jeff Green, Nashville State Community College

Cindy Gustafson-Brown, University of California, San Diego

Sue Habeck, Tacoma Community College

Mark Haefele, Community College of Denver

Kathryn Hanley, New Mexico State University

Krista Henderson, California State University, Fullerton

John Hoffman, Arcadia University

Thomas Horvath, State University of New York–Oneonta

Anne-Marie Hoskinson, Gustavus Adolphus College

Laurie Host, Harford Community College

Catherine Hurlbut, Florida State College at Jacksonville

Godwin Ifere, Clark Atlanta University

Virginia Irintcheva, Black Hawk College

Robert Iwan, Inver Hills Community College

Mark Jackson, Central Connecticut State University

Elisabeth Javazon, Morehouse College

John Jenkin, Blinn College

Mitrick Johns, Northern Illinois University

Scott Johnson, Wake Technical Community College

Richard Karp, University of Cincinnati

Cynthia Kay-Nishiyama, California State University Northridge

Elena Keeling, California Polytechnic State University

Joe Keen, Patrick Henry Community College

Amanda Kin, Jefferson State Community College

Melissa Kosinski-Collins, Brandeis University

Joe Kremer, Alvernia University

Dhirendra Kumar, East Tennessee State University

Dana Kurpius, Elgin Community College

Karen Kurvink, Moravian College

Kim Lackey, University of Alabama

Jordana LaFantasie, Fort Hays State University

Kevin Lam, Alexander College

Ellen Lamb, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Lorraine Leiser, Southeast Community College

Laurie Len, El Camino College

Suzanne Long, Monroe Community College

Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College

Brian Maricle, Fort Hays State University

John Markham, University of Manitoba

Jennifer Maupin, Santa Barbara City College

Lilly Mayer, Clackamas Community College

Tom McConnell, Ball State University

Maura McGrail, Iowa State University

Michael McLeod, Belmont Abbey College

Patricia Melloy, Fairleigh Dickinson University

Diane Melroy, University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Jon Milhon, Azusa Pacific University

Rachel Mintell, Manchester Community College

June Minter, Patrick Henry Community College

Kiran Misra, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

Alice Monroe, St. Petersburg College

Frances Moore, Patrick Henry Community College

Ulrike Muller, California State University–Fresno

Necia Nicholas, Calhoun Community College

Zia Nisani, Antelope Valley College

Fran Norflus, Clayton State University

Chuma Okere, Clark Atlanta University

Phillip Ortiz, Empire State College

Marie Panec, Moorpark College

Wiline Pangle, The Ohio State University

Randi Papke, Southwestern Illinois College

Brian Paulson, California University of Pennsylvania

Micah Perkins, Owensboro Community and Technical College

Lori Pitkofsky, Ramapo College of New Jersey

Anita Plagge, San Diego Mesa College

Michael Plotkin, Mt. San Jacinto College

Heather Prestridge, Blinn College

Diane Purves, Crafton Hills College

Chittur Radhakrishnan, Santa Fe College

Stuart Reichler, University of Texas at Austin

Sheila Reilly, Belmont Abbey College

Carol Rhodes, Canada College

Eugenia Ribeiro-Hurley, Fordham University

Troy Rohn, Boise State University

Lori Rose, Hill College

Bill Rogers, Ball State University

John Rousseau, Whatcom Community College

Matthew Rowe, Sam Houston State University

Edward Saiff, Ramapo College of New Jersey

Eduardo Salazar, Temple College

Tom Saleska, Concordia University Wisconsin

Shamili Sandiford, College of DuPage

Jennifer Schepp, College of Charleston

Jennifer Schramm, Chemekta Community College

John Schampel, Phoenix College

Roger Seeber, West Liberty University

Brian Seymour, Edward Waters College

Dave Sheldon, St. Clair County Community College

Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University

Jack Shurley, Idaho State University

Gillian Schultz, Foothill College

Brian Seymour, Edward Waters College

Dale Smoak, Piedmont Technical College

Suzanne Sousa, Middlesex Community College

Agnes Southgate, College of Charleston

Richard Stiehl, Pima Community College

Lisa Strain, Northeast Lakeview College

Jackie Swanik, Wake Technical Community College

Robert Swatski, Harrisburg Area Community College–York Campus

Ignatius Tan, New York University

Kimberly Taugher, Diablo Valley Community College

John Taylor, Southern Utah University

Pamela Thinesen, Century College

Douglas Thrower, University of California, Santa Barbara

Nina Thumser, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

XLV

Elizabeth Tomlin, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Edward Tucker, Baruch College, City University of New York

Virginia Turner, Harper College

Kimberly Vietti, Illinois Central College

Thomas Vogel, Western Illinois University

Joannna Vondrasek, Piedmont Virginia Community College

Erikc Wada, Folsom Lake College

Judy Wallace, Middlesex Community College

Dennis Walsh, MassBay Community College

Yunqiu Wang, University of Miami

Chelsea Ward, Auburn University, Montgomery

Katherine Warpeha, University of Illinois at Chicago

David Webb, St. Clair County Community College

Michael Wenzel, California State University–Sacramento

Tina Whitney, Governors State University

Robert Whyte, California University of Pennsylvania

Rachel Wiechman, West Liberty University

Matt Wilkerson, Carson Newman College

Andrew Wold, Fond Du Lac Tribal and Community College

Donald Wood, Odessa College

Dulce Zayas-Alvarez, Southwestern Community College

David Zeigler, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

Jacquelyn Zevenbergen, Kent State University, Stark Campus

Brenda Zink, Northeastern Junior College

Gerald Zuercher, University of Dubuque

Second Edition Focus Group Participants

(2010, Albuquerque)

Tonya Bates, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Craig Clifford, Northeastern State University, Oklahoma

Danielle DuCharme, Waubonsee Community College

Ana Escandon, Los Angeles Harbor College

Mark Hens, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Jessica Hopkins, University of Akron

Lorraine Leiser, Southeast Community College

Ashley Ramer, University of Akron

Sydha Salihu, West Virginia University

Jennifer Stueckle, West Virginia University

Jennifer Warner, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

(2010, New York City)

Joseph Ahlander, Northeastern State University

Tami Asplin, North Dakota State University

Caroline “Lena” Ballard, Rock Valley College

Charlotte Borgeson, University of Nevada–Reno

Susan Bower, Pasadena College

Greg Dalhem, North Kentucky University

Moon Draper, University of Texas at Austin

Gloria Hoffman, Morgan State University

Craig Jordan, University of Texas at San Antonio

Michael Koban, Morgan State University

Josephine Kurdziel, University of Michigan

Ellen Lamb, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Jennifer Scoby, Illinois Central College

(2011, New York City)

Jennie Bever, Arizona State University

Michelle Cawthorn, Georgia Southern University

John Constable, California State University–Fresno

Elisabeth Javazon, Morehouse College

Brian Kram, Prince George’s Community College

Lorraine Leiser, Southeast Community College

Cassandra Moore-Crawford, Prince George’s Community College

Ulrike Müller, California State University–Fresno

Wiline Pangle, The Ohio State University

Jennifer Warner, University of North Carolinaat Charlotte

Michael Wenzel, California State University–Sacramento and Folsom Lake Community College

(2011, Santa Monica, California)

Joseph Ahlander, Northeastern State University

Tonya Bates, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Sara Carlson, University of Akron

Michelle Cawthorn, Georgia State University

Christina Couroux, Los Angeles Harbor College

Ana Escandon, Los Angeles Harbor College

Michael Greene, Delgado Community College

Krista Henderson, California State University–Fullerton

Gigi Saunders, Missouri State University

First Edition Text Development

Stephanie J. Aamodt, University of Louisiana–Shreveport

M. Stephen Ailstock, Anne Arundel Community College

Sylvester Allred, Northern Arizona University

Jessica K. Baack, Montgomery Community College–Rockville

Sarah Barlow, Middle Tennessee State University

Rebecca A. Bartow, Western Kentucky University

Brian J. Baumgartner, Trinity Valley Community College

Jose Bava, El Camino Community College

Lisa L. Boggs, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

Charlotte Borgeson, University of Nevada–Reno

Peggy Brickman, University of Georgia

Jason Brown, Young Harris College

Carole L. Browne, Wake Forest University

Neil J. Buckley, State University of New York–Plattsburgh

Anne E. Bunnell, East Carolina University

Joseph Burdo, Bridgewater State University

David Byres, Florida Community College at Jacksonville

William Caire, University of Central Oklahoma

Michael S. Carr, Oakton Community College

Kelly Carrillo Burke, College of the Canyons

Thomas Chen, Santa Monica College

Thomas F. Chubb, Villanova University

Nira Clark, Southwestern College

Erica Cline, University of Washington

George Clokey, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Anthony D. Cornett, Valencia Community College, Osceola

Karen Curto, University of Pittsburgh

Don C. Dailey, Austin Peay State University

Douglas W. Darnowski, Indiana University–Southeast

Garry Davies, University of Alaska

Renee Dawson, University of Utah

Lewis E. Deaton, University of Louisiana–Lafayette

Tom Deaton, Auburn University

Elizabeth Anne Desy, Southwestern Minnesota State University

Doreen R. Dewell, Whatcom Community College

Mary E. Dominiecki, Slippery Rock University

Charles Dunn, Austin Community College

Frank DuRoy, Essex County College

Kari Eamma, Tarrant County Community College–Northeast

Heidi Engelhardt, Brandon University

Marirose T. Ethington, Genesee Community College

Rebecca A. Fetherson, University of Dayton

Robert C. Frankis, University of New Mexico

Monica C. Frazier, Columbus State University

Anne Galbraith, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse

Sandra Gibbons, Moraine Valley College

Philip G. Gibson, Gwinnett Technical College

Andrew Goliszek, North Carolina A &T State University

Stephen M. Gómez, Central New Mexico Community College

Becky C. Graham, University of West Alabama

XLVI

Cara Gubbins, Butte College

Charles (Billy) Gunnels IV, Florida Gulf Coast University

Janelle M. Hare, Morehead State University

Carla Hass, Pennsylvania State University

Colleen Hatfield, California State University–Chico

J. L. Henriksen, Bellevue Community College

John A. Hnida, Peru State College

Thomas Horvath, State University of New York–Oneonta

Adam W. Hrincevich, Louisiana State University

Dianne Jennings, Virginia Commonwealth University

Mitrick A. Johns, Northern Illinois University

Robert D. Johnson Jr., Pierce College

Martin A. Kapper, Central Connecticut State University

Arnold J. Karpoff, University of Louisville

Todd Kelson, Brigham Young University–Idaho

Stephen T. Kenny, Yakima Valley Community College

Jennifer M. Kilbourne, Community College of Baltimore County

Joanne Kilpatrick, Auburn University–Montgomery

Brenda Knotts, Eastern Illinois University

Michael Koban, Morgan State University

Catherine Koo, Caldwell College

Jerome A. Krueger, South Dakota State University

Jim Krupa, University of Kentucky

Ellen Shepard Lamb, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Thomas Landefeld, California State University–Dominquez Hills

Leah LaPerle Larkin, University of New Mexico

Lynn Larsen, Portland Community College

Kathleen H. Lavoie, State University of New York–Plattsburgh

Gregory P. Lewis, Furman University

Harvey Liftin, Broward Community College

Tammy J. Liles, Lexington Community College

Cynthia W. Littlejohn, University of Southern Mississippi

Jonathan Lochamy, Georgia Perimeter College

Melanie Loo, California State University–Sacramento

Juan M. Lopez-Bautista, University of Alabama

Blasé Maffia, University of Miami

Jeffrey M. Marcus, Western Kentucky University

Betsy Maxim, Austin Community College

Karen McFarland, Austin Peay State University

Mark A. McGinley, Texas Technical University

John Mersfelder, Sinclair Community College

Shahroukh Mistry, Westminster College

Jeanne Mitchell, Truman State University

Beth A. Montelone, Kansas State University

Cynthia L. Morin, Lincoln University of Missouri

Royden Nakamura, California Polytechnic–San Luis Obispo

Rocky Nation, Southern Wesleyan University

Allan D. Nelson, Tarleton State University

Tania Nezrick, Kishwaukee College

David Niebuhr, College of William and Mary

Meredith Sommerville Norris, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Alexander E. Olvido, Virginia State University

Randi Papke, Southwestern Illinois College

Mary Paulson, Central Washington University

John M. Pleasants, Iowa State University

Gregory J. Podgorski, Utah State University

Melissa Presch, California State University–Fullerton

Eric Rabitoy, Citrus College

Karen Raines, Colorado State University

Dawn Ranish, Nova Southeastern University

Erin Rempala, San Diego Mesa College

Melody Ricci, Victor Valley

Kathleen Richardson, Portland Community College

Dave Rintoul, Kansas State University

Steven Rissing, The Ohio State University

Robert R. Robbins, Utah Valley State College

Bill Rogers, Ball State University

Troy T. Rohn, Boise State University

Susan T. Rouse, Southern Wesleyan University

Lynette Rushton, South Puget Sound Community College

Michael L. Rutledge, Middle Tennessee State University

Shamili Ajgaonkar Sandiford, College of DuPage

Fayla Schwartz, Everett Community College

Erik P. Scully, Towson University

Juanita C. Sharpe, Chicago State University

Marilyn Shopper, Johnson County Community College

Michele Shuster, New Mexico State University

Neil E. Simister, Brandeis University

Anu Singh-Cundy, Western Washington University

Jennifer Skillen, College of Southern Nevada

Kerri M. Skinner, University of Nebraska–Kearny

Marc Allen Smith, Sinclair Community College

Nancy G. Solomon, Miami University of Ohio

Roberta Lynn Soltz, Central Washington University

Bryan G. Spohn, Florida Community College at Jacksonville–Kent Campus

Amanda Starnes, Emory University

Leo Sternberg, University of Miami

Joan C. Stover, South Seattle Community College

Sukanya V. Subramanian, Collin County Community College

Franklyn Tan Te, Miami Dade Community College

William J. Thieman, Ventura College

Pamela Thinesen, Century College

Michael W. Thompson, Middle Tennessee State University

Martin A. Vaughan, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis

Jack Waber, West Chester University of Pennsylvania

Jennifer M. Warner, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

John E. Whitlock, Hillsborough Community College

Elizabeth Willott, University of Arizona

Clifford Wilson, Chicago State University

Mark Woelfle, Vanderbilt University

Calvin Young, Fullerton College

Brenda Zink, Northeastern Junior College

First Edition Art Development

Ann Aguanno, Marymount Manhattan College

Kelly Carrillo Burke, College of the Canyons

William Caire, University of Central Oklahoma

Debra Chapman, Wilkes University

Genevieve C. Chung, Broward Community College

Jeffrey Scott Coker, Elon University

Michael S. Dann, Pennsylvania State University

Renee Dawson, University of Utah

Francisco Delgado, Pima Community College

Doreen R. Dewell, Whatcom Community College

Hartmut G. Doebel, George Washington University

Diane Lynn Doidge, Grand View College

James Doyle, College of the Holy Cross

Dave Eakin, Eastern Kentucky University

Paul Farnsworth, University of New Mexico

Brandon L. Foster, Wake Technical and Community College

Patrick Galliart, North Iowa Community College

David Gordon, Pittsburg State University

Charles (Billy) Gunnels IV, Florida Gulf Coast University

Bernard Hauser, University of Florida

Jane J. Henry, Baton Rouge Community College

Mark A. Holland, Salisbury University

Virginia E. Irintcheva, Black Hawk College–Quad City Campus

Philip Jardim, City College of San Francisco

Denim M. Jochimsen, University of Idaho

XLVII

Judy Kaufman, Monroe Community College

Ariel R. Krakowski, Laney College

Dan E. Krane, Wright State University

Maria Kretzman, Glendale College

Kathleen H. Lavoie, State University of New York–Plattsburgh

Mary LeFever, Columbus State Community College Stephen Matheson, Calvin College

James McCaughern-Carucci, Quinnipiac University

Lori A. Pitkofsky, Rampano College

Michael P. Robinson, Miami University

Wendy F. Rothwell, University of California–Santa Cruz

Jason F. Schreer, State University of New York–Potsdam

Jennifer J. Scoby, Illinois Central College

Dawn Sherry, Macon State University

Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University

Patricia L. Smith, Valencia Community College

Jeffrey Thomas, California State University–Northridge

Bruce Tomlinson, State University of New York–Fredonia

Joy B. Trauth, Arkansas State University

Alan R. Wasmoen, Metropolitan Community College

Michael Windelspecht, Appalachian State University

David E. Wolfe, American River College

Kerry Yurewicz, Plymouth State University

First Edition Accuracy Reviewers

Christine Bezotte, Elmira College

Michael Carr, Oakton Community College

Erica Champion

William Crampton, University of Central Florida

Michael S. Dann, Pennsylvania State University

Bernard Hauser, University of Florida

John A. Hnida, Peru State College

Kelly Hogan, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Anne Houtman, California State University–Fullerton

Ariel R. Krakowski, Laney College

Michael Silva, El Paso Community College

Pamela Thinesen, Century College

Jeffrey Thomas, California State University–Northridge

Michael Wenzel, California State University–Sacramento

John E. Whitlock, Hillsborough Community College

First Edition Focus Group Attendees

Text and Content Development

(2004, Los Angeles)

Garen Baghdasarian, Santa Monica College

Thomas Chen, Santa Monica College

Elizabeth Ciletti, Pasadena City College

Mary Colavito, Santa Monica College

Ana Ester Escandon, Los Angeles Harbor College

Phyllis Hirsh, East Los Angeles College

Melody Ricci, Victor Valley College

(2004, Memphis)

T. Wayne Barger, Tennessee Technical University

Don Baud, University of Memphis

Jay Blundon, Rhodes College

Martha P. Brown, University of Memphis

Dave Eakin, Eastern Kentucky University

Stan Eisen, Christian Brothers University

Jack Grubaugh, University of Memphis

Min-Ken Lao, Furman University

(2004, Chicago)

Sandra Bobick, Community College of Alleghany

Christopher Dobson, Grand Valley State University

Sondra Dubowsky, Allen County Community College

Eileen Gregory, Rollins College

Tracy Harris, Florida Keys Community College

Robert Krasner, Providence College

Bernard A. Marcus, Genesee Community College

Laurel B. Roberts, University of Pittsburgh

Lyndell P. Robinson, Lincoln Land Community College

Brian Schmaefsky, Kingwood College

Janet Vigna, Grand Valley State University

Daniel W. Ward, Waubonsee Community College

(2006, Florida)

Peggy Brickman, University of Georgia

Anne E. Bunnell, East Carolina University

Cara Gubbins, Butte College

Janelle M. Hare, Morehead State University

John A. Hnida, Peru State College

Mitrick A. Johns, Northern Illinois University

Kathleen H. Lavoie, State University of New York–Plattsburgh

Blasé Maffia, University of Miami

Gregory J. Podgorski, Utah State University

Susan T. Rouse, Southern Wesleyan University

Jennifer M. Warner, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Art Development

(2007, Atlanta)

Renee Dawson, University of Utah

Charles (Billy) Gunnels IV, Florida Gulf Coast University

Bernard Hauser, University of Florida

Arnold J. Karpoff, University of Louisville

Stephen R. Kelso, University of Illinois at Chicago

Meredith Sommerville Norris, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Therese M. Poole, Georgia State University

Mary Celeste Reese, Mississippi State University

Bill Rogers, Ball State University

Kim Cleary Sadler, Middle Tennessee State University

Amy S. Wernette, Hazard Community College

Media and Supplements

(2007, Santa Monica)

Michael Bucher, College of San Mateo

Kelly Carrillo Burke, College of the Canyons

John A. Hnida, Peru State College

Anne Houtman, California State University–Fullerton

Hinrich Kaiser, Victor Valley College

Melanie Loo, California State University–Sacramento

Gregory J. Podgorski, Utah State University

Melissa Presch, California State University–Fullerton

Calvin Young, Fullerton College

(2008, Miami)

Barbara Blonder, Flagler College

Charlotte Borgeson, University of Nevada–Reno

Kris Curran, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Kari Eamma, Tarrant Community College

Evelyn Frazier, Florida Atlantic University

John Janovy, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Jennifer Schramm, Chemeketa Community College

Greg Sievert, Emporia University

Heather Vance Chalcraft, East Carolina University

Martin Vaughn, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis