Question 15.1

What is the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis? Why was this hypothesis an important advance in our understanding of genetics?

Question 15.2

What different methods were used to help break the genetic code? What did each method reveal and what were the advantages and disadvantages of each one?

Question 15.3

What are isoaccepting tRNAs?

Question 15.4

What is the significance of the fact that many synonymous codons differ only in the third nucleotide position?

Question 15.5

Define the following terms as they apply to the genetic code:

• a. Reading frame
• b. Overlapping code
• c. Nonoverlapping code
• d. Initiation codon
• e. Termination codon
• f. Sense codon
• g. Nonsense codon
• h. Universal code
• i. Nonuniversal codons

Question 15.6

How is the reading frame of a nucleotide sequence set?

Question 15.7

How are tRNAs linked to their corresponding amino acids?

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Question 15.8

What role do the initiation factors play in protein synthesis?

Question 15.9

How does the process of initiation differ in bacterial and eukaryotic cells?

Question 15.10

Give the elongation factors used in bacterial translation and explain the role played by each factor in translation.

Question 15.11

What events bring about the termination of translation?

Question 15.12

Compare and contrast the process of protein synthesis in bacterial and eukaryotic cells, giving similarities and differences in the process of translation in these two types of cells.

Question 15.13

How do prokaryotic cells overcome the problem of a stalled ribosome on an mRNA that has no termination codon? How do eukaryotic cells solve this problem?

Question 15.14

What are some types of posttranslational modification of proteins?

Question 15.15

Explain how some antibiotics work by affecting the process of protein synthesis.