| Stage | Component | Function |
|---|---|---|
| tRNA charging | Amino acids tRNAs Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ATP |
Building blocks of proteins Deliver amino acids to ribosomes Attach amino acids to tRNAs Provides energy for binding amino acids to tRNAs |
| Initiation | mRNA fMet-tRNAfMet 30S ribosomal subunit 50S ribosomal subunit Initiation factor 1 Initiation factor 2 Initiation factor 3 |
Carries coding instructions Provides first amino acid in peptide Attaches to mRNA Stabilizes tRNAs and amino acids Enhances dissociation of large and small subunits of ribosome Binds GTP; delivers fMet-tRNAfMet to initiation codon Binds to 30S subunit and prevents association with 50S subunit |
| Elongation | 70S initiation complex Charged tRNAs Elongation factor Tu Elongation factor Ts Elongation factor G GTP rRNA in 50S ribosomal subunit |
Functional ribosome with A, P, and E sites where protein synthesis takes place Bring amino acids to ribosome and help assemble them in order specified by mRNA Binds GTP and charged tRNA; delivers charged tRNA to A site Regenerates active elongation factor Tu Stimulates movement of ribosome to next codon Provides energy Creates peptide bond between amino acids in A site and P site |
| Termination | Release factors 1, 2, and 3 | Bind to ribosome when stop codon is reached and terminate translation |