Articles on ethical issues in genetics are preceded by an asterisk.

Agrawal, R. K., P. Penczek, R. A. Grassucci, et al. 1996. Direct visualization of A-, P-, and E-site transfer RNAs in the Escherichia coli ribosome. Science 271:1000–1002.

A three-dimensional reconstruction of the location of transfer RNAs in the three sites of the ribosome during translation.

Armistead, J., S. Khatkar, B. Meyer, et al. 2009. Mutation of a gene essential for ribosome biogenesis, EMG1, causes Bowen-Conradi syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics 84:728–739.

A research report showing that Bowen–Conradi syndrome found in Hutterite families results from a mutation in a gene that helps synthesize the ribosome.

Ben-Shem, A., L. Jenner, G. Yusupova, et al. 2010. Crystal structure of the eukaryotic ribosome. Science 330:1203–1209.

A detailed structural view of the eukaryotic ribosome.

Cech, T. R. 2000. The ribosome is a ribozyme. Science 289:878–879.

A brief commentary on research indicating that RNA in the ribosome is responsible for catalyzing peptide-bond formation in protein synthesis.

Ferbitz, L., T. Maler, H. Patzelt, et al. 2004. Trigger factor in complex with the ribosome forms a molecular cradle for nascent proteins. Nature 431:590–596.

A report on research demonstrating that molecular chaperones are associated with the ribosome and fold proteins as they exit the ribosome tunnel.

Fox, T. D. 1987. Natural variation in the genetic code. Annual Review of Genetics 21:67–91.

A review of exceptions to the universal genetic code.

Freeland, S. J., and L. D. Hurst. 2004. Evolution encoded. Scientific American 290(4): 84–91.

A review of how evolution has shaped the genetic code.

Gao, H., Z. Zhou, U. Rawat, et al. 2007. RF3 induces ribosomal conformational changes responsible for dissociation of class I release factors. Cell 129:929–941.

Presents insights into how release factor 3 helps to bring about termination of translation.

Hoagland, M. 2004. Enter transfer RNA. Nature 431:249.

A brief history of the discovery of transfer RNA.

Moore, P. B., and T. A. Steitz. 2002. The involvement of RNA in ribosome function. Nature 418:229–235.

A good review of the results of structural studies of the ribosome.

Nakamura, Y., K. Ito, and L. A. Isaksson. 1996. Emerging understanding of translational termination. Cell 87:147–150.

A review of translational termination.

Nirenberg, M. W., O. W. Jones, P. Leder, et al. 1963. On the coding of genetic information. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 28:549–557.

Describes the use of random copolymers in solving the code.

Nirenberg, M., and P. Leder. 1964. RNA code words and protein synthesis I: the effect of trinucleotides upon the binding of sRNA to ribosomes. Science 145:1399–1407.

A description of the transfer RNA binding technique for solving the code.

Preiss, T., and M. W. Hentze. 1998. Dual function of the messenger RNA cap structure in poly(A)-tail-promoted translation in yeast. Nature 392:516–519.

A research article describing evidence that the poly(A) tail plays a role in translational initiation.

Sachs, A. B., P. Sarnow, and M. W. Hentz. 1997. Starting at the beginning, middle, and end: translation initiation in eukaryotes. Cell 89:831–838.

A good review of different ways in which translation is initiated in eukaryotic messenger RNAs.

Schmeing, T. M., and V. Ramakrishnan. 2009. What recent ribosome structures have revealed about the mechanism of translation. Nature 461:1234–1242.

A review of what structural studies of the ribosome reveal about the process of translation.

Uemura, S., C. Echeverría Aitken, J. Korlach, et al. 2010. Real-time tRNA transit on single translating ribosomes at codon resolution. Nature 464:1012–1017.

Observations of single ribosomes translating the mRNA.

Wen, J. D., L. Lancaster, C. Hodges, et al. 2008. Following translation by single ribosomes one codon at a time. Nature 452:598–603.

A research report indicating that translocation takes place in a step-pause-step manner.

Wickner, S., M. R. Maurizi, and S. Gottesman. 1999. Posttranslational quality control: folding, refolding, and degrading proteins. Science 286:1888–1893.

A review of posttranslational modifications of proteins.

Yusupov, M. M., G. Z. Yusupova, A. Baucom, et al. 2001. Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 Å resolution. Science 292:883–896.

A report on the structure of the complete ribosome with messenger RNA and bound transfer RNAs at high resolution.

R12

Zaher, H. S., and R. Green. 2011. A primary role for release factor 3 in quality control during translation elongation in Escherichia coli. Cell 147:396–408.

Research showing that RF3 plays an important role in translational proofreading.