1.What four general characteristics must the genetic material possess?

2.What is transformation? How did Avery and his colleagues demonstrate that the transforming principle is DNA?

3.How did Hershey and Chase show that DNA is passed to new phages in phage reproduction?

4.Draw and identify the three parts of a DNA nucleotide.

5.How does an RNA nucleotide differ from a DNA nucleotide?

6.Draw a short segment of a single DNA polynucleotide strand, including at least three nucleotides. Indicate the polarity of the strand by identifying the 5′ end and the 3′ end.

7.What are some of the important genetic implications of the DNA structure?

8.What are the three major pathways of information flow within the cell?

9.How does supercoiling arise? What is the difference between positive and negative supercoiling?

10.What functions does supercoiling serve for the cell?

11.What are some differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

12.Describe the composition and structure of the nucleosome.

13.Describe in steps how the double helix of DNA, which is 2 nm wide, gives rise to a chromosome that is 700 nm wide.

14.What are epigenetic changes?

15.Describe the function and molecular structure of a telomere.

16.Describe the different classes of DNA sequence variation that exist in eukaryotes.