A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking

A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking

How to Use This Book

Preface

Features

New to This Edition

Supplements

Acknowledgments

Part 1

Getting Started

1: Becoming a Public Speaker

Becoming a Public Speaker

Gain a Vital Life Skill

The Classical Roots of Public Speaking

Learning to Speak in Public

Public Speaking as a Form of Communication

Public Speaking as an Interactive Communication Process

2: From A to Z: Overview of a Speech

From A to Z: Overview of a Speech

Analyze the Audience

Select a Topic

Determine the Speech Purpose

Compose a Thesis Statement

Develop the Main Points

Gather Supporting Materials

Separate the Speech into Its Major Parts

Outline the Speech

Consider Presentation Aids

Practice Delivering the Speech

3: Managing Speech Anxiety

Managing Speech Anxiety

Identify What Makes You Anxious

Pinpoint the Onset of Nervousness

Use Proven Strategies to Boost Your Confidence

Activate the Relaxation Response

Use Movement to Minimize Anxiety

Learn from Feedback

4: Ethical Public Speaking

Ethical Public Speaking

Earn Your Listeners’ Trust

Respect Audience Values

Use Your Rights of Free Speech Responsibly

Contribute to Positive Public Discourse

Observe Ethical Ground Rules

Avoid Offensive Speech

Avoid Plagiarism

Fair Use, Copyright, and Ethical Speaking

5: Listeners and Speakers

Listeners and Speakers

Recognize That We Listen Selectively

Listen Responsibly

Strive for the Open Exchange of Ideas

Anticipate the Common Obstacles to Listening

Practice Active Listening

Evaluate Evidence and Reasoning

Offer Constructive and Compassionate Feedback

Part 2

Development

6: Analyzing the Audience

Analyzing the Audience

Adapt to Audience Psychology: Who Are Your Listeners?

Adapt Your Message to Audience Demographics

Adapt to Cultural Differences

Interview and Survey Audience Members

Assess the Speech Setting and Context

7: Selecting a Topic and Purpose

Selecting a Topic and Purpose

Decide Where to Begin

Identify the General Purpose of Your Speech

Narrow Your Topic

Form a Specific Speech Purpose

Compose a Thesis Statement

From Source to Speech: Narrowing Your Topic to Fit Your Audience

8: Developing Supporting Material

Developing Supporting Material

Offer Examples

Share Stories

Draw on Testimony

Provide Facts and Statistics

Refer Orally to Your Sources

9: Locating Supporting Material

Locating Supporting Material

Locate Secondary Sources

From Source to Speech: Recording and Citing Books

From Source to Speech: Recording and Citing Articles from Periodicals

Generating Primary Sources: Interviews and Surveys

Evaluate Sources for Trustworthiness

Record References as You Go

10: Finding Credible Sources on the Internet

Finding Credible Sources on the Internet

Use a Library Portal to Access Credible Sources

Be a Critical Consumer of Information

Distinguish among Information, Propaganda, Misinformation, and Disinformation

From Source to Speech: Evaluating Web Sources

Make the Most of Internet Search Tools

From Source to Speech: Recording and Citing Web Sources

Conduct Smart Searches

Record Internet Sources

11: Citing Sources in Your Speech

Citing Sources in Your Speech

Alert Listeners to Key Source Information

From Source to Speech: Demonstrating Your Sources’ Reliability and Credibility

Avoid a Mechanical Delivery

Overview of Source Types with Sample Oral Citations

Properly Citing Quoted, Paraphrased, and Summarized Information

Part 3

Organization

12: Organizing the Speech

Organizing the Speech

Use Main Points to Make Your Claims

Use Supporting Points to Prove Your Claims

Pay Close Attention to Coordination and Subordination

Strive for a Unified, Coherent, and Balanced Organization

Use Transitions to Give Direction to the Speech

From Point to Point: Using Transitions to Guide Your Listeners

13: Selecting and Organizational Pattern

Developing Supporting Material

Arranging Speech Points Chronologically

Arranging Speech Points Using a Spatial Pattern

Arranging Speech Points Using a Causal (Cause-Effect) Pattern

Arranging Speech Points Using a Problem-Solution Pattern

Arranging Speech Points Topically

Arranging Speech Points Using the Narrative Pattern

14: Outlining the Speech

Outlining the Speech

Plan on Creating Two Outlines

Use Sentences, Phrases, or Key Words

Create a Working Outline First

Prepare a Speaking Outline for Delivery

Part 4

Starting, Finishing, and Styling

15: Developing the Introduction and Conclusion

Developing the Introduction and Conclusion

Preparing the Introduction

Preparing the Conclusion

16: Using Language

Using Language

Prepare Your Speeches for the Ear

Choose Concrete Words and Vivid Imagery

Choose Words That Build Credibility

Choose Words That Create a Lasting Impression

Part 5

Delivery

17: Choosing a Method of Delivery

Choosing a Method of Delivery

Strive for Naturalness and Enthusiasm

Select a Method of Delivery

18: Controlling the Voice

Controlling the Voice

Adjust Your Speaking Volume

Vary Your Intonation

Adjust Your Speaking Rate

Use Strategic Pauses

Strive for Vocal Variety

Carefully Pronounce and Articulate Words

Use Dialect (Language Variation) with Care

19: Using the Body

Pay Attention to Body Language

Practice the Delivery

Part 6

Presentation Aids

20: Speaking with Presentation Aids

Speaking with Presentation Aids

Select an Appropriate Aid

Decide How to Present the Aid

21: Designing Presentation Aids

Designing Presentation Aids

Keep the Design Simple

Use Design Elements Consistently

Select Appropriate Typeface Styles and Fonts

Use Color Carefully

Consider Subjective Interpretations of Color

22: A Brief Guide to Microsoft PowerPoint

A Brief Guide to Microsoft PowerPoint

Give a Speech, Not a Slide Show

Develop Effective Slides

Avoid Technical Glitches

Using Microsoft PowerPoint

From Slide Show to Presentation: Getting Ready to Deliver a PowerPoint Presentation

Part 7

Types of Speeches

23: Informative Speaking

Informative Speaking

Gain and Sustain Involvement

Subject Matter of Informative Speeches

Decide How to Communicate Your Information

DEFINITION

DESCRIPTION

DEMONSTRATION

EXPLANATION

Take Steps to Reduce Confusion

Arrange Points in a Pattern

Sample Informative Speech

24: Persuasive Speaking

Persuasive Speaking

Focus on Motivation

Balance Reason and Emotion

Stress Your Credibility

Target Listeners’ Needs

Encourage Mental Engagement

Construct Sound Arguments

Address Culture

Strengthen Your Case with Organization

Identify the Disposition of the Audience

SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH (PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION)

SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH (MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE)

25: Speaking on Special Occasions

Speaking on Special Occasions

Speeches of Introduction

Speeches of Acceptance

Speeches of Presentation

Roasts and Toasts

Eulogies and Other Tributes

After-Dinner Speeches

Speeches of Inspiration

SAMPLE SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECH

Part 8

Online, Group, and Business Contexts

26: Preparing Online Presentations

Preparing Online Presentations

Apply Your Knowledge of Face-to-Face Speaking

Understand the Unique Demands of Virtual Delivery

Plan for the Delivery Mode

Online Presentation Platforms

Online Presentation Planning Checklist

27: Communicating in Groups

Communicating in Groups

Focus on Goals

Plan on Assuming Dual Roles

Center Disagreements around Issues

Resist Groupthink

Adopt an Effective Leadership Style

28: Presenting in Teams

Presenting in Teams

Working in Teams

Presenting in Panels, Symposia, and Forums

29: Business and Professional Presentations

Business and Professional Presentations

Sales Presentations

Proposals

Staff Reports

Progress Reports

Crisis-Response Presentations

In the Classroom: Case Study Presentations

Part 9

Speaking across the Curriculum

30: Presentations Assigned across the Curriculum

Presentations Assigned across the Curriculum

The Review of Academic Articles

The Team Presentation

The Debate

The Poster Presentation

The Service Learning Presentation

Preparing for On-the-Job Audiences

31: Science and Mathematics Courses

Science and Mathematics Courses

Research (“Scientific Talk”) Presentation

Methods/Procedure Presentation

Research Overview Presentation

Field Study Presentation

Preparing Effective Presentations in Science and Mathematics

32: Technical Courses

Technical Courses

Engineering Design Review

Architecture Design Review

Request for Funding

Preparing Effective Technical Presentations

33: Social Science Courses

Social Science Courses

Review of the Literature

Debate Controversial Topics

Apply Theories to a Research Question

Evaluate Policies and Programs

Recommend Policies

Preparing Effective Presentations in the Social Sciences

34: Arts and Humanities Courses

Arts and Humanities Courses

Informative Talks of Description and Analysis

Presentations That Compare and Contrast

Debates

Preparing Effective Arts and Humanities Presentations

35: Education Courses

Education Courses

Delivering a Lecture

Facilitating a Group Activity

Facilitating a Classroom Discussion

Preparing Effective Education Presentations

36: Nursing and Allied Health Courses

Nursing and Allied Health Courses

Evidence-Based Practice Presentation

Clinical Case Study Presentation

Quality Improvement Proposal

Treatment Plan Reports

Preparing Effective Presentations in Nursing and Allied Health Courses

Appendices

Appendices

Appendix A

Citation Guidelines

Appendix B

Question-and-Answer Sessions

Appendix C

Preparing for Mediated Communication

Appendix D

Tips for Non-Native Speakers of English

Glossary

Glossary

Notes

Notes: Chapter 1

Notes: Chapter 3

Notes: Chapter 4

Notes: Chapter 5

Notes: Chapter 6

Notes: Chapter 8

Notes: Chapter 9

Notes: Chapter 10

Notes: Chapter 11

Notes: Chapter 12

Notes: Chapter 13

Notes: Chapter 14

Notes: Chapter 15

Notes: Chapter 16

Notes: Chapter 17

Notes: Chapter 18

Notes: Chapter 19

Notes: Chapter 20

Notes: Chapter 21

Notes: Chapter 23

Notes: Chapter 24

Notes: Chapter 25

Notes: Chapter 26

Notes: Chapter 27

Notes: Chapter 28

Notes: Chapter 29

Notes: Chapter 30

Notes: Chapter 31

Notes: Chapter 32

Notes: Chapter 33

Notes: Chapter 35

Notes: Chapter 36

Notes: Appendix B

Notes: Appendix C

Notes: Appendix D

Acknowledgments

TEXT CREDITS

PHOTO CREDITS

Index

Index

SAMPLE SPEECHES

SAMPLE SPEECHES

VISUAL GUIDES

VISUAL GUIDES

QUICK TIPS

CHECKLISTS