Instructors will often require that you include a bibliography of sources with your speech (see Chapters 4 and 9). You can document sources by following documentation systems such as Chicago, APA, MLA, CSE, and IEEE.
Chicago Documentation
Two widely used systems of documentation are outlined in The Chicago Manual of Style, Sixteenth Edition (2010). The first, typically used by public speakers in a variety of disciplines, provides for bibliographic citations in endnotes or footnotes. This method is illustrated below. The second form employs an author-date system: Sources are cited in the text with full bibliographic information given in a concluding list of references. For information about the author-date system—and more general information about Chicago-style documentation—consult the Chicago Manual, Chapters 14 and 15.
1. BOOK BY A SINGLE AUTHOR
Give the author’s full name followed by a comma. Then italicize the book’s title. In parentheses, give the city of publication followed by a colon, the publisher’s name followed by a comma, and publication date. Place a comma after the closing parenthesis; then give page numbers from which your paraphrase or quotation is taken.
1. Eric Alterman, What Liberal Media? The Truth about Bias and the News (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 180–85.
2. BOOK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS
2. Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect, rev. ed. (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007), 57–58.
3. EDITED WORK AND WORK WITHIN AN EDITED COLLECTION
3. Joseph B. Atkins, ed., The Mission: Journalism, Ethics, and the World (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 2002), 150–57.
3. Jonathan Dube, “Writing News Online,” in Shop Talk and War Stories: American Journalists Examine Their Profession, ed. Jan Winburn (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003), 202.
4. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY
After the title of the work, add “s.v.” (Latin sub verbo, “under the word”) and the term you looked up. If the citation is from an online reference work, add the URL (Internet address) and the publication date or date of last revision; if neither is available, use your access date.
4. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Yellow Journalism,” accessed October 17, 2007, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077903/yellow-journalism.
5. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE
5. John Leo, “With Bias toward All,” U.S. News & World Report, March 18, 2002, 8.
6. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL
Give the author’s full name, the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the journal in italics, the volume and issue numbers, the year of publication in parentheses followed by a colon, and the pages used. If the journal article was found online, list the URL or use the DOI (digital object identifier) instead of the URL if one is available. It is not necessary to include page numbers for articles accessed online.
6. Tom Goldstein, “Wanted: More Outspoken Views; Coverage of the Press Is Up, but Criticism Is Down,” Columbia Journalism Review 40, no. 4 (2001): 144–45.
6. Bree Nordenson, “Vanity Fire,” Columbia Journalism Review 45, no. 5 (2007), http://www.cjr.org/profile/vanity_fire.php.
7. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER
7. Felicity Barringer, “Sports Reporting: Rules on Rumors,” New York Times, February 18, 2002, sec. C.
8. WEB SITE
Give the name of the author (if not available, use the name of the site sponsor); the title of the page, in quotation marks, followed by a comma; the title of the Web site (if the site is an online publication, place the title in italics); the sponsor of the site, if different from the name of the site or name of the author; the date of publication or modification (if no date is provided, or if your instructor requests it, include the date accessed, preceded by the word “accessed”; and the URL.
8. FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting), “Challenging Hate Radio: A Guide for Activists,” accessed February 9, 2012, http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=112.
9. E-MAIL MESSAGE
9. Grace Talusan, e-mail message to author, March 20, 2011.
10. ELECTRONIC MAILING LIST
10. Ola Seifert to Society of Professional Journalists mailing list, August 23, 2002, http://f05n16.cac.psu.edu.
11. BLOG POST
11. Brian Stetler, “Study: Some Viewers Were Misinformed by TV News,” Media Decoder (blog), New York Times, December 17, 2010, http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com.
12. ARTICLE IN AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
Provide the DOI (if available), or the name of the database and the document number.
12. Mark J. Miller, “Tough Calls: Deciding When a Suicide Is Newsworthy and What Details to Include Are among Journalism’s More Sensitive Decisions,” American Journalism Review 24, no. 10 (2002): 43, Expanded Academic ASAP (A95153129).
13. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT
13. U.S. Congress, Electronic Freedom of Information Amendments of 1996 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1996), 22.
14. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
14. Soo Jin Oh, letter to author, August 13, 2005.
15. INTERVIEW
15. Walter Cronkite, interview by Daniel Schorr, Frontline, PBS, April 2, 1996.
16. VIDEO RECORDING
16. All the President’s Men, directed by Alan J. Pakula (1976; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 1998), VHS.
17. SOUND RECORDING
17. Noam Chomsky, The Emerging Framework of World Power, read by the author (AK Press, 2003), compact disc.
17. Antonio Vivaldi, The Four Seasons, Boston Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Seiji Ozawa, Telarc 80070, compact disc.
APA Documentation
Most disciplines in the social sciences—psychology, anthropology, sociology, political science, education, and economics—use the author-date system of documentation established by the American Psychological Association (APA). This citation style highlights dates of publication because the currency of published material is of primary importance in these fields.
In the author-date system, use an author or organization’s name in a signal phrase or parenthetical reference within the main text to cite a source.
For example, you could cite Example 1 on this page with the author’s name in a signal phrase as follows:
Nakazawa (2009) states that stress hormones like cortisol can dramatically alter how immune cells work.
Or with a parenthetical reference as follows:
Stress hormones such as cortisol travel to the immune system and can dramatically alter how immune cells work (Nakazawa, 2009).
Each in-text citation refers to an alphabetical references list that you must create.
For more information about APA format, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition (2010). The manual advises users to omit retrieval dates for content that is unlikely to change, such as published journal articles, and to omit the database from which material is retrieved as long as an identifier such as a URL (Internet address) or DOI (digital object identifier) is included.
The numbered entries that follow introduce and explain some conventions of this citation style using examples related to the topic of stress management. Note that in the titles of books and articles only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
1. BOOK BY A SINGLE AUTHORBegin with the author’s last name and initials, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Next, italicize the book’s title, and end with the place of publication, including city and state or country, and the publisher.
Nakazawa, D. J. (2009). The autoimmune epidemic. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
2. BOOK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS OR EDITORSWilliams, S., & Cooper, L. (2002). Managing workplace stress: A best practice blueprint. New York, NY: Wiley.
3. ARTICLE IN A REFERENCE WORKIf an online edition of the reference work is cited, give the retrieval date and the URL. Omit end punctuation after the URL.
Beins, B. C. (2010). Barnum effect. In I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (4th ed., Vol. 4, pp. 203–204). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Biofeedback. (2007). In Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/65856/biofeedback
4. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1997). Violence in the workplace: Guidelines for understanding and response. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
5. JOURNAL ARTICLEBegin with the author’s last name and initials followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Next, list the title of the article and italicize the title of the journal in which it is printed. Then give the volume number, italicized, and the issue number in parentheses if the journal is paginated by issue. End with the inclusive page numbers of the article. For an article found online, if a DOI number is given, add “doi:” and the number after the publication information. Otherwise, add “Retrieved from” and the URL of the journal home page. Omit the end period after a DOI or URL.
Dollard, M. F., & Metzer, J. C. (1999). Psychological research, practice, and production: The occupational stress problem. International Journal of Stress Management, 6(4), 241–253.
Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C., & Burke, M. J. (2009, September). Workplace safety: A meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1103–1127. doi:10.1037/a0016172
6. MAGAZINE ARTICLECobb, K. (2002, July 20). Sleepy heads: Low fuel may drive brain’s need to sleep. Science News, 162, 38.
7. NEWSPAPER ARTICLEZimmerman, E. (2010, December 19). Learning to tame your office anxiety. The New York Times, p. BU8.
Zimmerman, E. (2010, December 19). Learning to tame your office anxiety. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
8. UNSIGNED NEWSPAPER ARTICLEStress less: It’s time to wrap it up. (2002, December 18). Houston Chronicle, p. A1.
9. DOCUMENT FROM A WEB SITEList the author, the date of publication (use “n.d.” if there is no date), the title of the document, italicized, the words “Retrieved from” and the URL for the document. If there is no author, begin the entry with the document title. Do not include a retrieval date unless the content is likely to change. Omit punctuation at the end of the URL.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). Stress . . . at work (NIOSH Publication No. 99-101). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101
10. PERSONAL WEB SITESimply note the site in your speech:
Dr. Wesley Sime’s stress management page is an excellent resource (http://www.unl.edu/stress/mgmt/).
11. ELECTRONIC MAILING LIST, NEWSGROUP, ONLINE FORUM, OR DISCUSSION GROUP MESSAGELippin, R. (2008, November 2). Re: The relation between work-related psychosocial factors and the development of depression [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from Occupational & Environmental Medicine Mailing List, http://lists.unc.edu/read/archive?id=4872034
Dimitrakov, J. (2001, February 21). Re: Immune effects of psychological stress [Online discussion group message]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/groups?q=stress&start=40&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&selm=3A9ABDE4%40MailAndNews.com&rnum=44
12. BLOG POSTLippin, R. (2007, July 31). US corporate EAP programs: Oversight, Orwellian or Soviet psychiatry redux? [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://medicalcrises.blogspot.com/2007/07/us-corporate-eap-programs-oversight.html
13. E-MAIL MESSAGE Simply note the message in your speech:An e-mail message from the staff of AltaVista clarifies this point (D. Emanuel, personal communication, May 12, 2005).
14. MATERIAL FROM AN ONLINE DATABASEWaring, T. (2002). Stress management: A balanced life is good for business. Law Society Journal, 40, 66–68. Retrieved from http://www.lawsociety.com.au
15. ABSTRACT FROM AN INFORMATION SERVICE OR ONLINE DATABASEBegin the entry with the publication information as for a print article. End the entry with “Abstract retrieved” followed by the URL of the database or the name of the database and any identifying number.
Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 314–334. Abstract retrieved from ERIC database. (EJ581024)
16. PERSONAL INTERVIEWSimply note the interview in your speech:
During her interview, Senator Cole revealed her enthusiasm for the new state-funded stress management center (M. Cole, personal communication, October 7, 2005).
MLA Documentation
Created by the Modern Language Association, MLA documentation style is fully outlined in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition (2009). Disciplines that use MLA style include English literature, the humanities, and various foreign languages.
In MLA format, you document materials from other sources with in-text citations that incorporate signal phrases and parenthetical references.
For example, you could cite Example 1 below with the author’s name in a signal phrase as follows:
Berg notes that “‘Chicano’ is the term made popular by the Mexican American civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s” (6).
Or with a parenthetical reference as follows:
The term “Chicano” was “made popular by the Mexican American civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s” (Berg 6).
Each in-text citation refers to an alphabetical works-cited list that you must create.
The sample citations given here all relate to a single topic: film appreciation and criticism.
1. BOOK BY A SINGLE AUTHORCitations for most books are arranged as follows: (1) the author’s name, last name first; (2) the title and subtitle, italicized; and (3) the city of publication, an abbreviated form of the publisher’s name, and the date. Each of these three pieces of information is followed by a period and one space. End the citation with the medium of publication (Print) and a period.
Berg, Charles Ramírez. Latino Images in Film: Stereotypes, Subversion, and Resistance. Austin: U of Texas P, 2002. Print.
2. BOOK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS OR EDITORSGive the first author’s name, last name first; then list the name(s) of the other author(s) in regular order with a comma between authors and the word and before the last one. The final name in a list of editors is followed by a comma and “ed.” or “eds.”
Grieveson, Lee, and Haidee Wasson, eds. Inventing Film Studies. Durham: Duke UP, 2008. Print.
3. ARTICLE IN A REFERENCE WORKIf the citation is to an online version of the work, give the author, article title, and name of the Web site. Then add the publisher or sponsor of the site, the date of publication or last update, the medium (Web), and the date you accessed the work (day, month, year). End with a period.
Katz, Ephraim. “Film Noir.” The Film Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2008. Print.
“Auteur Theory.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007. Web. 22 Oct. 2007.
4. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTUnited States. Cong. House. Committee on the Judiciary. National Film Preservation Act of 1996. 104th Cong., 2nd sess. H. Rept. 104–558. Washington: GPO, 1996. Print.
United States. Cong. House. Committee on House Administration. Library of Congress Sound Recording and Film Preservation Programs Reauthorization Act of 2008. 110th Cong., 2nd sess. H. Rept. 110–683. GPOAccess, Congressional Reports. Web. 15 Jan. 2012.
5. MAGAZINE ARTICLEIf you are citing the article from an online edition of the magazine, after the title of the article, add the name of the Web site in italics, followed by a period. Then add the publisher or sponsor of the site, the date of publication, the medium (Web), and the date you accessed the article.
Ansen, David. “Shock and Yawn.” Newsweek 26 Oct. 2009: 48. Print.
Horn, Robert. “From Bangkok to Cannes, Thai Political Tensions Remain.” Time. Time, 24 May 2010. Web. 3 Nov. 2010.
6. JOURNAL ARTICLEIf an article is accessed online through a database service, after the publication information, add the name of the database in italics, followed by a period. Then give the medium (Web) and your date of access. End with a period.
Skrebels, Paul. “All Night Long: Jazzing around with Othello.” Literature/Film Quarterly 36.2 (2008): 147–56. Print.
Holcomb, Mark. “A Classic Revisited: To Kill a Mockingbird.” Film Quarterly 55.4 (2002): 34–40. Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Oct. 2011.
7. NEWSPAPER ARTICLEIf you are citing a newspaper article found online, after the title of the article, give the name of the newspaper’s Web site followed by a period. Then specify the publisher or sponsor of the site, the date of publication, the medium consulted (Web), and the date you accessed the article.
Peers, Martin. “HBO Could Draw True Blood Online.” Wall Street Journal 23 Oct. 2010: B16+. Print.
Dargis, Manohla. “Unblinking Eye, Visual Diary: Warhol’s Films.” New York Times. New York Times, 21 Oct. 2007. Web. 30 Oct. 2007.
8. NEWSPAPER EDITORIAL“Avatars Don’t Smoke.” Editorial. New York Times 8 Jan. 2010: A26. Print.
9. ONLINE SCHOLARLY PROJECT OR REFERENCE DATABASE“Origins of American Animation.” American Memory. Lib. of Cong. 31 Mar. 1999. Web. 26 June 2011.
10. PERSONAL OR COMMERCIAL WEB SITELast, Kimberly. 007. Kimberly Last, n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2007.
“American Beauty.” Crazy for Cinema. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.
11. POSTING OR COMMENT ON A BLOGGive the author’s name; the title of the post or comment in quotation marks (if there is no title, use the description “blog post” or “blog comment”); the title of the blog, italicized; the sponsor of the blog (if there is none, use “N.p.”); the date of the most recent update; the medium (Web); and the date of access.
Scola, Nancy. “And the White House Tweets Back.” techPresident. Personal Democracy Forum, 5 May 2009. Web. 5 May 2009.
12. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE PERIODICALWilliams, Mary Elizabeth. “The NC-17 Rating’s Perverse Failure.” Salon. Salon Media Group, 8 Dec. 2010. Web. 11 Jan. 2012.
13. POSTING TO A DISCUSSION GROUPGranger, Susan. “Review of The Cider House Rules.” Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment, 30 Mar. 2000. Web. 2 Oct. 2011.
14. E-MAIL MESSAGEBoothe, Jeanna. “Re: Top 100 Movies.” Message to the author. 16 Feb. 2012. E-mail.
15. SINGLE-ISSUE CD-ROM, DISKETTE, OR MAGNETIC TAPE“Pulp Fiction.” Blockbuster Movie Trivia. 3rd ed. New York: Random, 1998. CD-ROM.
16. WORK OF ART OR PHOTOGRAPHChristenberry, William. Coleman’s Café. 1971. Ektacolor Brownie Print. Hunter Museum of Art, Chattanooga.
17. INTERVIEWSanderson, Andrew. Telephone interview. 12 June 2011.
CSE Documentation
The CSE (Council of Science Editors) style is most frequently used in the fields of biology and environmental science. The current CSE style guide is Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, Seventh Edition (2006). Publishers and instructors who require the CSE style do so in three possible formats: a citation-sequence superscript format, a name-year format, or a citation-name format, which combines aspects of the other two systems.
In the following examples, all of which refer to environmental issues, you will see that the citation-sequence format calls for listing the date after the publisher’s name in references for books and after the name of the periodical in references for articles. The name-year format calls for listing the date immediately after the author’s name in any kind of reference. Notice also the absence of a comma after the author’s last name, the absence of a period after an initial, and the absence of italics in titles of books or journals.
1. BOOK BY ONE AUTHORBe sure to list the total number of pages in the book.
Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name
1 Houghton JT. Global warming: the complete briefing. 4th ed. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 2009. 456 p.
Name-Year
Houghton JT. 2009. Global warming: the complete briefing. 4th ed. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. 456 p.
2. BOOK BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORSCitation-Sequence and Citation-Name
2 Harf JE, Lombardi MO. Taking sides: clashing views on global issues. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2010. 432 p.
Name-Year
Harf JE, Lombardi MO. 2010. Taking sides: clashing views on global issues. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 432 p.
3. JOURNAL ARTICLEIf citing a journal on the Internet, add the medium, date cited, and the URL. Also give the DOI code if available. Omit end punctuation after a URL or DOI.
Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name
3 Brussard PF, Tull JC. Conservation biology and four types of advocacy. Conserv Biol. 2007; 21(1):21–24.
3 Brussard PF, Tull JC. Conservation biology and four types of advocacy. Conserv Biol. [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2010 Oct 22]; 21(1):21–24. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/cbi/21/1 doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00640.x
Name-Year
Brussard PF, Tull JC. 2007. Conservation biology and four types of advocacy. Conserv Biol. 21(1):21–24.
Brussard PF, Tull JC. 2007. Conservation biology and four types of advocacy. Conserv Biol [Internet]. [cited 2010 Oct 22]; 21(1):21–24. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/cbi/21/1 doi:10.1111/ j.1523-1739.2006.00640.x
4. MAGAZINE ARTICLECitation-Sequence and Citation-Name
4 Sheppard K. Bad breakup: why BP doesn’t have to tell the EPA—or the public—what’s in its toxic dispersants. Mother Jones. 2010 Sep-Oct:41.
Name-Year
Sheppard K. 2010 Sep-Oct. Bad breakup: why BP doesn’t have to tell the EPA—or the public—what’s in its toxic dispersants. Mother Jones. 41.
5. NEWSPAPER ARTICLECitation-Sequence and Citation-Name
5 Zeller T Jr. Negotiators at climate talks face deep set of fault lines. New York Times. 2009 Dec 6; Sect. WK:3 (col. 1).
Name-Year
Zeller T Jr. 2009 Dec 6. Negotiators at climate talks face deep set of fault lines. New York Times. Sect. WK:3 (col. 1).
6. WEB SITEFor material found on a Web site, give the author’s name (if any) and the title of the material, followed by “Internet” in brackets. Add the place of publication, the publisher, date of publication, followed by the date of citation in brackets. Add “Available from:” and the URL.
Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name
6 Coastal Programs: The Barnegat Bay Estuary Program [Internet]. Trenton (NJ): Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Watershed Management. c1996-2004 [updated 2010 Feb 18; cited 2011 Oct 23]. Available from: http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedmgt/bbep.htm
Name-Year
Coastal Programs: The Barnegat Bay Estuary Program [Internet]. c1996-2004. Trenton (NJ): Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Watershed Management. [updated 2010 Feb 18; cited 2011 Oct 23]. Available from: http://www.nj.gov/dep/watershedmgt/bbep.htm
7. E-MAIL MESSAGECSE recommends mentioning personal communications in text, but not listing them in the list of references. An explanation of the material should go in the “Notes.”
. . . (2012 e-mail from Maura O’Brien to me; unreferenced, see “Notes”).
8. E-MAIL DISCUSSION LIST OR NEWSGROUP MESSAGE8 Affleck-Asch W. Lawncare methods causing heavy damage to environment [discussion list on the Internet]. 2004 Aug 17, 2:30 pm [cited 2011 Dec 2]. [about 10 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.mail-archive.com/ecofem%40csf.colorado.edu
IEEE Documentation
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style requires that references appear at the end of the text, not in alphabetical order but in the order in which the references are cited in the text or speech. A bracketed reference number beginning with B precedes each entry. For more information on IEEE documentation, check the IEEE Standards Style Manual online at https://development.standards.ieee.org/myproject/Public/mytools/draft/styleman.pdf.
1. BOOK[B1] Thomas, R. E., Albert, R. J., and Toussaint G. J., The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits, 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009, p. 652.
2. PERIODICAL[B2] Melfi, M., Evon, S., and McElveen R., “Induction versus permanent magnet motors,” IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 28–35, Nov./Dec. 2009. doi: 10.1109/MIAS.2009.934443
3. WEB PAGE[B3] National Academy of Engineering, “Lasers and fiber optics timeline,” Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century, 2010.*
*Available at www.greatachievements.org.