abstract language, 135
academic articles, review of, 255
acceptance, speeches of, 221
action step, in motivated sequence, 205–6
active listening, 31
active voice, 137, 161
activity presentation, for group, 273
ad hominem argument, 24, 199
advanced search function, of search engines, 84, 85
affirmative side, in debate, 256
after-dinner speeches, 223–24
age, of audience, 40
agenda, for group communication, 239
Agnew, Spiro, 139
agora (public square), 3–4
alliteration, 139
almanacs, 64
American Psychological Association. See APA documentation system
analogies, 135–36
in informative speech, 180
reasoning by, 198
in scientific and mathematical presentations, 264
anaphora, 139
anecdotes, 57
Anholt, Robert, 299
animation effects (PowerPoint), 169
anti-group roles, 239
antithesis, 140
anxiety
boosting one’s confidence and, 18–19, 22
identifying causes of, 15–16
management of, 14–22
performance, 17
preparation, 17
pre-performance, 17
pre-preparation, 16
APA documentation system, 281–84
apathetic audience, 209
appeal to tradition fallacy, 201
appearance, on television, 294–95
architecture design review, 266
argument(s)
addressing other side of, 197
claims in, 195
in debates, 256–57
devil’s advocacy, 240, 241
dialectical inquiry, 240, 241
in persuasive speeches, 190, 195–201
Aristotle, 4, 190, 192
Armstrong, Neil, 140
arrangement. See also organization of speech
articles. See also citations; documentation systems
recording and citing, 68–69
articulation, 148
by non-native English speakers, 298
arts courses, presentation speeches in, 270–72
asynchronous communication, 234
atlases, 65
attention step, in motivated sequence, 204
attire, during speeches, 153
attitudes, of audience, 36, 37
attribution, 26
audience. See also audience analysis; delivery of speech
attitudes toward topic and, 37–38
call to action for, 132
central processing by, 194
common ground with, 127–28
for crisis-response presentations, 252
cultural differences in, 43–44, 201–2
engaging, 142
ethical speech and, 248
facial expressions and, 150–51
feelings toward occasion, 25
identify disposition of, 208–9
inclusion in speech, 6
interviewing and surveying, 44–46
introduction and, 126–28
listening by, 30–34
motivation of, 263
for online presentations, 238
on-the-job, 260–61
peripheral processing by, 194
persuasive speech organization and, 202–9
for presentational speaking, 247–48
for progress report, 251
for proposal, 250
psychology of listeners, 36–39
public speaking anxiety and, 15–22
respecting values of, 23
for sales presentations, 248–49
source perception by, 87
for special-occasion speeches, 219–25
speech topic and, 128
for staff reports, 250
for team presentations, 243
types of, 209
audience analysis, 9–10, 36–46
demographics and, 40–42
for gauging existing knowledge, 176
audience-centered approach, 8, 36
audio, 159
autocratic leaders, 241
averages, statistical, 60
balance, of organization, 100
bandwagoning fallacy, 199
bar graph, 157, 158
barriers to listening, 33
begging the question fallacy, 199
beliefs, of audience, 36, 37, 41
biased language, rooting out, 140
biases
of speaker, 33
on Web sites, 77
bibliography, working, 269
Bing, 72
biographical resources, 64
blogs, 70
as information sources, 78–79
locating, 62, 70
oral citations of, 91–92
body language
and delivery of speech, 143, 150
on television, 194
body of speech, 12, 96
boldface, in presentation aids, 163
books. See also citations; documentation systems
access, 73
oral citation of, 90–91
of quotations, 73
recording and citing, 90–91
as sources, 62
Boolean operators, in keyword searches, 83
brainstorming, 48, 50–51
breathing
techniques for anxiety management, 20
voice projection and, 146
brief examples, 56
business and professional ethics, 248
business situations, presentations in, 247–53
Calapinto, John, 27–28
call to action, 132
canned speeches, 223
canons of rhetoric, 4
captive audience, 38, 39, 247–48
careers
business presentations skills and, 253
public speaking in, 2–3
career success, from public speaking, 2, 253
case conference, in nursing and allied health courses, 275–76
case study
in classroom, 252–53
clinical, 275
categorical pattern, 110
causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement, 107–8
causal reasoning, in persuasive speeches, 198–99
causes, underlying, 111, 181
celebration, speeches of, 219
central idea. See thesis statement
central processing, 194
channel, 8
charts, 157, 158
flip charts, 160
cherry-picking, in statistical presentation, 61
Chicago Manual of Style documentation system, 278–80
chronological organization, 106, 182
Cicero, 4
citations. See also documentation systems; specific systems
of articles and periodicals, 68–69
for fact and statistics sources, 26
of Internet sources, 80–81
oral, 86, 90–92, 93
in PowerPoint presentations, 171
in presentation aids, 93
for quotations, paraphrases, and summaries, 26, 27–28, 81, 94
for sources in speeches, 26–28, 66–67, 80–81, 85–94
style of, 67, 69
claims, in argument, 195–96, 256
classroom, case study presentation in, 252–53
classroom discussion presentation, 273
clichés, 136
clinical case study, 275
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 132
clip art, in PowerPoint presentation, 166, 170
closed-end questions, 45
closure, in conclusion, 130–31
co-culture (social community), of audience, 41
code-switching, 136–37
coherence, of organization, 100
collaboration, with interviewee, 71
colleagues, as audience, 260
collectivist cultures, 202
colloquial expressions, 138
color
in presentation aids, 163
subjective interpretations of, 163–64
commemoration, speeches of, 219
commencement address, sample of, 225–30
commercial factors, in research, 82
common ground, with audience, 127–28
common knowledge citations, 26–27
communication
asynchronous, 234
dialogic, 31
in groups, 238–47
in informative speech, 178–80
mediated, 294–95
nonverbal, 150
process of, 7
public speaking as, 6–8
community service learning project, 215–19
comparative advantage pattern, 206, 249
compare and contrast speeches, 271
computer-generated presentation aids, 159
concise language, 11
conclusion, 12, 96, 225
in arts and humanities speeches, 271
preparing, 130–33
transition to, 103
concrete language, 135
confidence
boosting, 18–19, 22
in speaking, 142
conflict, in group communication, 240
connotative meaning, 138
consultative leaders, 241
context, of speech, 8, 46
controversial topics, debates over, 256, 268
conversation, speeches as, 18
conversation stoppers, 24
coordinate points, 99, 100
coordination, in outlines, 13
copyright, 29
PowerPoint presentations and, 171
core values, appeals to, 201, 202
Corlin, Richard F., 56
Coulter, John, sample outline by, 115–19, 121–23
Council of Science Editors. See CSE documentation system
Creative Commons (organization), 29
credibility. See also reliability
in persuasive speech, 191–92
of sources, 88–89
of speaker, 22, 128–29, 130
words for, 136–40
crisis-response presentations, 252
critical audience, 209
cross-cultural values, 43
CSE documentation system, 288–91
cultural background, of audience, 41
cultural barriers, to listening, 33
cultural intelligence, 6
cultural norms, appeals to, 201, 202
cultural premises, 201, 202
cultural sensitivity, 137–38
culture
adapting to audience culture, 43–44
addressing in persuasive speeches, 201–2
Darbelnet, Robert I., 129
data
in social science presentations, 270
in technical presentations, 266
database
on general search engines, 78
subject-specific, 74
debates, 256
in arts and humanities courses, 271
about controversial social science issues, 268
formal, 257
strong arguments in, 256–57
taking sides in, 256
tips for winning, 258
decision making, in groups, 240
declarative sentence, main point as, 97
decoding, 7
deductive reasoning, in persuasive speeches, 198
deep Web, 73
defamatory speech, 23–24
defensive listening, 32
definition, in informative speech, 179
delegative leaders, 241
delivery of source information, 90
delivery cues, 120
delivery of speech, 14
body language and, 143, 150
methods of, 142–45
nonverbal, 14
online, 234
planning and practicing for, 153–54
speaking outline for, 120–23, 124
voice control in, 146–50
delivery outline, 112
demographics, audience, 10, 40–42, 44
demonstration, in informative speech, 178, 179, 181
denotative meaning, 138
derivative works, copyright and, 29
description, in informative speech, 179, 270–71
design, of presentation aids, 161–64
Design Template (PowerPoint), 167
devil’s advocacy argument, 240, 241
Dewey, John, six-step reflective thinking process of, 242
diagram, 156
dialect, 149–50
dialectical inquiry, 240, 241
dialogic communication, 31
digital collections, as sources, 63
digital projectors, 159
dignity, 24
directness, 142
directories, on Web, 79
direct quotation, 27, 28, 67, 94
disability, of audience members, 42
discussion, in arts and humanities courses, 271
disinformation, 78
distinguishing, 75–78
displays, methods of 159–61
distractions
listening and, 31–32
during speech delivery, 8, 237
DLP projectors, 159
documentation systems
APA, 281–84
Chicago Manual of Style, 278–80
CSE, 288–91
IEEE, 291–92
MLA, 284–88
DOI (digital object identifier), 281
domain, Web source evaluation and, 76
dress (attire)
during speeches, 153
on television, 294–95
Drori, Jonathan, 56
dyadic communication, 6
education courses, presentation speeches in, 272–74
education level, of audience, 41
ego-focused emotions, 201–2
Ehlers, Vernon, 56
either-or fallacy, 199
elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, 194
electronic resources, 72–85. See also Internet
legal uses of, 171
emotions
cultural responses to, 201–2
in persuasive speech, 190–91
encoding, 7
encyclopedias, 64
engagement with audience, 142
engineering design review, 265
English language. See also language
non-native speakers of, 296–99
entertainment, speeches of, 219
enthusiasm
in online presentations, 233
in speech, 142
epiphora (epistrophe), 139
equipment, for virtual delivery, 232–33
ESL. See non-native speakers of English
ethics
business and professional, 248
in public speaking, 22–29
ethnic background, of audience, 41, 43–44
ethos, 22, 191, 192
eulogies, 222–23
evidence
in arguments, 195, 256–57
evaluation of, 33
in persuasive speech, 195, 197
evidence-based practice (EBP) presentation, 274–75
examples, 56
transitions between, 103
expert audience, 260
expertise, of speaker, 248
expert testimony, 57, 92
explanation, in informative speech, 178, 179–80
extemporaneous speaking, 144–45
extended examples, 56
eye contact
key-word outlines for, 113–14
during speeches, 143, 151
on television, 194
face-to-face (FtF) speaking, 232. See also online presentations
facial expressions, during speeches, 150–51
fact(s), 58. See also citations; documentation systems
claims of, 196
fact books, 64
fairness, of speaker, 25
fair use, 29
Creative Commons licensing for, 29
materials for PowerPoint presentation, 171
fallacies, in reasoning, 24, 199–201
faulty analogy, 136
feedback, 7
constructive and compassionate, 34
to improve speeches, 21, 298–99
feedback loop, 31
field study presentation, 263
figures of speech, 135
First Amendment, 23
Firth, Colin, 221
fixed-alternative questions, 45, 295
flip charts, 159, 160
flowcharts, 157, 158
flowing the debate, 257
fonts, for presentation aids, 162–63
footnotes, 85
in PowerPoint presentations, 171
formal debates, 257
formality, of presentational speaking, 247
forum, 4, 246–47
fragments. See sentence fragments
free speech, rights of, 23–24
frequency, statistical, 59
full-sentence transitions, 101–4
Garza, Richard, 182–83
gender
of audience, 42
stereotyping by, 42
gender-neutral language, 137–38
general-interest magazines, 63
general speech purpose, 49
gestures, during speeches, 21, 152
global opinion polls, cross-cultural surveys and, 43
goals
of group communication, 239
of leadership, 241
of team presentations, 243
Google, 72, 78
Google Docs, 164
government information
for online presentations, 235
publications, 63
graphics
in presentation aids, 264
in scientific and mathematical presentations, 264
graphs, 157, 158
groups
active participation in, 241
activity presentation to, 273
communication in, 238–47
decision making in, 240
Dewey’s six-step reflective thinking process for, 242
groupthink, 240
Handout Master (PowerPoint), 166, 169
handouts, 159, 160
hasty generalization fallacy, 200
hate speech, 25
health courses, presentation speeches in, 274–76
hierarchy of needs (Maslow), 192, 193
hostile audience, 209
humanities courses, presentation speeches in, 270–72
humor
in after-dinner speeches, 224
in introduction, 127
hypothetical example, 56
identification, with speaker, 39, 127–28
idioms, 33, 138
IEEE documentation system, 291–92
“I have a dream” speech (King), 139
imagery, 135, 267
immediacy, nonverbal, 152
impromptu speaking, 143–44
inclusive speakers, 6
income, of audience, 41
indentation, of supporting points, 98
individual debate format, 257
individualist cultures, 202
inductive reasoning, in persuasive speeches, 198
information. See also sources; specific types
critically analyzing, 74–75
defined, 75
facts and statistics as, 98, 126, 127, 197
locating supporting material, 12
new and interesting, 177
unusual, in introduction, 127
informative speeches, 10, 50, 54, 176–89
arranging points in pattern, 182–83
in arts and humanities courses, 270–71
communicating in, 178–80
reducing confusion in, 180–82
sample of, 183–89
strategies for explaining complex information, 181
subject matter of, 177, 178
Inkson, Kerr, 6
insider audience, 260
inspiration, speeches of, 219, 224–25
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. See IEEE documentation system
integrity, 24
interactive communication, public speaking as, 7–8
internal previews, as transitions, 103, 105, 177
internal summaries, 103, 105, 177
Internet. See online entries; sources; Web entries
connection for online presentations, 232
recording source information from, 85
search tools on, 78–85
sources on, 72–85
interview. See also citations; documentation systems
audience attitudes and, 45
conducting, 70–71
media, 295
oral citation for, 92
intonation, in speaking, 146
introduction, 12, 96
motivating audience with, 129
preparing, 126–30
speeches of, 220, 221
invective, 24
invention, as canon of rhetoric, 4
issues-based conflict, in group communication, 240
italics, in presentation aids, 163
Jackson, Jesse, 139
jargon, 133–34, 296
Jesus, 139
Jobs, Steve, 153
journal articles. See also magazines
on Internet, 73
key-word outline, 113–14
keyword searches, 82, 83
Kim, Krista, 183
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 139
Kruckenberg, David, 183–89
language
abstract, 135
active and passive voice in, 137–38
alliterative, 139
biased, 140
concise, 11
concrete, 135
culturally sensitive, 137–38
denotative vs. connotative meaning and, 138
figures of speech in, 135–36
gender-neutral, 137–38
imagery in, 135
lasting impression from, 138–40
repetition and, 134, 138–39
rhetorical devices and, 133
simple, 133–34
using, 133–40
words to build credibility, 136–40
language patterns, in dialects, 149–50
lavaliere microphone, 149
lay audience, 260
lay testimony, 57–58, 92
lazy speech, 148
LCD displays, 159
leadership
style of, 241
of team, 243
leading questions, 70
learning styles, appeal of informative speeches to, 181, 182
lectures, 272
library portal, finding print and online sources with, 72–75
licenses, for copyrighted works, 29
Lincoln, Abraham, 140
line graph, 157, 158
listeners. See audience; listening
listening, 30–34
active, 31
attitudes toward speaker and, 38–39
attitudes toward topic and, 37–38
cultural barriers to, 33
defensive, 32
distractions to, 31–32
feedback loop and, 31
help with, 177
learning by, 297
nonverbal cues and, 33
obstacles to, 31–33
responsible, 31
retention and, 30
literature review, in social sciences, 268, 269
loaded questions, 70
logical fallacies, 199–201
logos, 190, 192
magazines. See also journal articles
on Internet, 74
as sources, 63
main points, 11, 96–98, 101
in arts and humanities speeches, 271
as declarative sentences, 97–98
organizing, 182–83, 202–8
in parallel form, 98
preview of, 129, 220
restricting number of, 97–98
for single idea, 97–98
transitions between, 101–4
maintenance roles, in groups, 239
malapropisms, 137
manuscript, speaking from, 142–43
Maslow, Abraham, 192, 193
mass communication, 6
masters (PowerPoint), 169
mathematics courses, presentation speeches in, 263–64
Matthew (Bible), 140
McClellan, Mark B., 113
mean, statistical, 60
meaning, denotative and connotative, 138
Mease, Paige, 17
media interview, 295
median, statistical, 60
mediated communication, 294–95
meditation, for anxiety management, 18, 20
medium, 8
memory,
speaking from, 143
message, 8
customizing for audience, 38
demographics of audience and, 40–42
focusing on, 154
metaphors, 135
mixed, 136
methods/procedure presentation, 262
microphone, using, 149
Microsoft PowerPoint, 164–74. See also PowerPoint presentations
mini-lecture presentation, 272
misinformation, 75
distinguishing, 75–78
mixed audience, 260
mixed metaphors, 136
MLA documentation system, 284–88
mode, statistical, 60
model, 156
moderators
of group communications, 239
of panel discussions, 245, 246
Modern Language Association. See MLA documentation system
monologue, 31
Monroe, Alan, motivated sequence pattern by, 203–6, 207
Morris, Lee, 16
motivated sequence
pattern (Monroe), 203–6, 207
in sales presentation, 249
sample of speech, 214–19
motivation
of audience, 263
in introduction, 129, 263
in persuasive speech, 189–90
movement. See also body language
for anxiety management, 21
multimedia, 159
mumbling, 148
narrative
as organizational pattern, 111
sharing of, 57
naturalness, in speech, 142
needs, Maslow’s hierarchy of, 192, 193
need step, in motivated sequence, 204–5
negative side, in debate, 256
nesting, in keyword searches, 83
newspapers, as sources, 63
noise, 8
non-native speakers of English, tips for, 296–99
non sequitur fallacy, 200
nonverbal behavior, in team presentations, 244
nonverbal communication, 150
nonverbal cues, in listeners, 33
nonverbal delivery, 14
nonverbal immediacy, 152
Noonan, Peggy, 134
normal view (PowerPoint), 168
norms, cultural, 201, 202
notecards, for delivery cues, 121
note-taking, 66–67, 68–69
for Internet sources, 81, 85
recording references and, 72
nursing and allied health courses, presentations in, 274–76
Obama, Barack, 57, 139, 222
objectivity, of Web sites, 77
Obracay, Kristen, 15
occupations, of audience, 41
offensive speech, avoiding, 25
one-sided message, 197
online-only magazine. See also citations; documentation systems
citations for, 91
online presentations
delivery mode for, 234
planning checklist for, 237–38
platforms for, 234–37
preparation of, 232–37
unique demands of, 232
online sources. See also Internet; Web sites
from library portal, 72–75
online video. See also citations; documentation systems
citation for, 92
on-the-job audiences, preparing for, 260–61
open-ended questions, 45–46
opinion(s), of audience, 197
opinion polls, about audience attitudes, 43, 46
oral citations, 86, 90–92, 93
oral paraphrase, 28
oral scientific presentation, 261–62
oral style, 5–6
oral summary, 28
oratory, 143
history of, 3–4
organization of speech, 13, 96–105, 96–111, 144
blending patterns for, 106
causal (cause-effect), 107–8
chronological, 106
of crisis-response presentations, 252
of informative speeches, 177, 182–83
main points in, 97–98
in narrative pattern, 111
pattern for, 105–11
of persuasive speeches, 202–8
problem-solution, 108–10
of progress reports, 251–52
of proposals, 250
of sales presentations, 249
spatial, 107
of staff reports, 250–51
supporting points in, 98–99
topical, 110–11
transitions and, 101–5
unified, coherent, and balanced, 100
other-focused emotions, 202
outlines, 12–13, 112–24
key-word, 113–14
for main and supporting points, 97, 98–99
phrase, 113
sentence, 113
speaking, 112, 120–23
working, 13, 112, 114–19
overhead transparency, 159–60
paid listings (sponsored links), 82
pandering, 40
panel discussions, 245–46
parable, 57
parallel form, 98
parallelism, 98, 139–40
paraphrase. See also citations; documentation systems
citations for, 27–28, 94
notes for, 67
oral, 28
Parrish, Mary, 16
participation, in groups, 241
participative leaders, 241
passive voice, 137
pathos, 190, 192
pattern
of speech, 144
for speech organization, 13, 182–83
pauses, in speaking, 147
percentages, statistical, 59
performance anxiety, 17. See also anxiety
periodicals, as sources, 63
peripheral processing, by audience, 194
personal experiences, in speeches, 12
personal interview, oral citation style of, 92
personal pronouns, 134
person-based conflict, in group communications, 240
persuasive speech, 10, 50, 54, 189–219
arguments in, 195–201
credibility in, 191–92
culture and, 201–2
evidence in, 197
listener needs in, 192, 193
mental engagement in, 194–95
motivation in, 189–90, 194
organization of, 202–8
problem-cause-solution sample of, 203, 209–14
reason and emotion in, 190–91
refutation pattern in, 207–8
sound arguments in, 195–201
in technical presentations, 265–67
phrase outline, 113
phrases, 134
transitional, 104
pictograms, 157, 158
pictures, 156–57, 169
pie graph, 157, 158
pitch, vocal, 146
plagiarism, 26
avoiding, 85
planning, of speech, 153–54
podcast, 235
poetry, collections of, 65
policy, claims of, 196, 202
policy recommendation report, 269
political affiliation, of audience, 42
Poplin, Stephanie, 214–19
positive attitude, anxiety and, 18
poster presentation, 160, 258–60
posters, 156, 159, 160
posture, during speeches, 152
PowerPoint presentations, 164–74
avoiding technical glitches in, 172–73
commands for running, 174
copyright infringement and, 171
entering and editing text, 169
Help menu, 171
inserting objects into slides, 169–70
masters, 169
presentation options, 159–60
“Record Narration” feature and, 236
slide layouts, 168
transition and animation effects, 169
venue for, 172–73
view options, 168
practice, 13–14, 121, 153–54. See also rehearsal
preexisting knowledge, of audience, 197
premises, cultural, 201
preparation, for online presentations, 232–33
preparation anxiety, 17
preparation outline, 110
pre-performance anxiety, 17
pre-preparation anxiety, 16
presentation aids, 13, 156–74
crediting sources in, 93
designing, 161–64
PowerPoint and, 164–74
in scientific and mathematical presentations, 264
for team presentations, 244
in technical presentations, 266
types of, 156–61
presentational speaking, 247, 255–61
presentations. See online presentations; presentation aids; presentation speeches
presentation speeches, 221–22. See also presentation aids
in arts and humanities courses, 270–72
in business and professional situations, 247–53
compare and contrast, 271
debates as, 256–58
in education courses, 272–74
in group settings, 238–42
in nursing and allied health courses, 274–76
poster sessions as, 258–59
program evaluation presentation, 269
review of academic articles as, 255
in science and mathematics courses, 261–64
in social science courses, 267–70
team presentations as, 243–47
in technical courses, 265–67
previews
of main points, 129
of topic and purpose, 128
as transitions, 103, 105
preview statement, 105
Prezi, 164
primacy effect, 97
primary sources, 62, 70–71
print articles. See also citations; documentation systems
oral citation of, 91
print sources, from library portal, 72–75
problem-cause-solution pattern, 203, 249
sample speech, 209–14
problem-solution pattern, 108–10, 202–3, 249
professional situations, presentations in, 247–53
program evaluation program, 269
progress reports, in businesses, 251–52
projectors, 159–60
pronouns
gender and, 138
personal, 134
pronunciation, 148, 298
propaganda, 75
distinguishing, 75–78
proposals
in businesses, 249–50
quality improvement, 275
props, 156
prototype, 265
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. See APA documentation system
public discourse, positive, 24
public domain, 29
public forum, 4
public speaking. See also anxiety; speech(es)
defined, 7
ethical, 22–29
steps in process of, 9
published sources, about audience attitudes, 46
purpose of speech, 49–50
general, 49
main points and, 96–97
preview in introduction, 128
reiterating in conclusion, 130
specific, 10, 51
quality improvement proposal, 275
question-and-answer sessions, 292–93
questionnaire, for audience members, 45
questions
in interviews, 70–71
in introduction, 127
quotation marks, in keyword searches, 83
quotations. See also citations; documentation systems
books of, 65
citations for, 27–28, 81–82, 94
direct, 27, 28, 67
in introduction, 127
radio
oral citations of programs, 92
speaking on, 295
rate of speaking, 147
real-time presentations, 234
reason
in argument, 190–91
in persuasive speech, 190–91
reasoning
by analogy, 198
in arguments, 257
causal, 198–99
deductive and inductive, 198–99
evaluation of, 34
fallacies in, 24, 199–201
in persuasive speeches, 198–99
receiver, 7
reckless disregard for truth, 24
recorded presentations, 234
red herring fallacy, 200
refereed journals, as sources, 63
reference works, 64–65
oral citation of, 91
recording, 72
reflective thinking, Dewey’s six-step method of, 242
refutation
in debate, 257
as organizational pattern, 207–8
rehearsal, of team presentations, 244–45
relaxation response, 19–20
reliability
of sources, 87, 88–89
of statistics, 60
religion, of audience, 42
repetition, 134
for rhythm, 138–39
reports. See specific types
request for funding presentation, 266
research. See also Internet; sources
evaluating needs for, 61
Internet, 62
presentation on theoretical, 268, 269
primary, 62, 70–71
qualitative, 267
quantitative, 267
secondary, 62–70
research overview presentation, 262–63
research presentation, 261–62
resolution, in debate, 256
respect, for audience, 25
responsibility
of listener, 31
of speaker, 25
restate-forecast transition, 101–3
review
of academic articles, 255
of social sciences literature, 268
rhetoric (oratory)
canons of, 4
history of, 3–4
rhetorical devices, 133
rhetorical questions
in introduction, 127
transitions as, 103, 104
rhetorical situation, 8
rhythm, repetition for, 138–39
rights, of free speech, 23–24
roast, as speech, 222
roles
in group communications, 239
in team presentations, 243
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 135
Roth, Lisa, 209, 210–14
rough outline, 110
Rowling, J. K., sample commencement address by, 225–30
rules of engagement, for public discourse, 3, 24
Runyon, Marvin, 128
Safire, William, 127
sales presentation (sales pitch), 248–50
Sanford, Jenna, 20
sans serif typefaces, 162, 163
satisfaction step, in motivated sequence, 205
scale questions, 45, 295
scanning, 151
science courses, presentation speeches in, 261–64
scientific talk, 261
screencast, 235
scriptwriting, 32
search engines, 72–73, 78, 79–82
searches, smart, 82–85
search tools, 78–85
secondary sources, 62–70
selective perception, 30
sentence fragments, 134
sentence outline, 113
serif typefaces, 162, 163
service learning presentation, 259–60
SES. See socioeconomic status
setting, of speech, 46
shared meaning, 8
shift report, in nursing and allied health courses, 276
“Shock Jock” syndrome, 137
signposts, 104
simile, 135
Simon, Herbert, 208–9
simple language, 133–34
six-by-six rule, of visual design, 161
skills, public speaking as, 2, 4–6
Slide Master (PowerPoint), 169
SlideRocket, 164
slides (PowerPoint), 168
slippery slope fallacy, 200
small group communication, 6, 238
smart searches, 82–85
social agenda, speeches that set, 219
social news sites, 70
social phenomena, explanations of, 269
social science courses, presentation speeches in, 267–70
socioeconomic status (SES), of audience, 41
software
digital audio recording, 235–36
multimedia, 159
PowerPoint, 164–74
sound, in PowerPoint presentation, 170–71
sound arguments, constructing, 195–201
source (sender), 7
sources. See also citations; documentation systems; information; research
audience perception of, 87
citing, 61, 67, 69, 81, 85–94
crediting, 26–28
delivery in speech, 90
establishing trustworthiness of, 86–87
evaluating, 71–72
on Internet, 72–85
locating supporting material, 55–61
overview with sample oral citations, 90–92, 93
primary, 62, 70–71
print and online, 90–92
qualifiers of, 87
recording and citing, 66–69, 80–81
reliability of, 87, 88–89
secondary, 62–70
spatial pattern of arrangement, 107, 266
speaker
audience’s feelings toward, 38–39
credibility of, 22, 128–29, 130, 191–92
expertise of, 197, 248
speaking outline, 13, 112, 120–21
sample, 121–23
steps in creating, 120, 124
speaking rate, 147
special occasion speeches, 10, 50, 219–31
of acceptance, 221
after-dinner, 223–24
to celebrate, 219
to commemorate, 219
to entertain, 219
eulogies and other tributes, 222–23
to inspire, 219, 224–25
of introduction, 220, 221
of presentation, 221–22
roast as, 222
sample commencement address, 225–30
to set social agendas, 219
toast as, 222
specific speech purpose, 51
speech(es). See also citations; documentation systems
canons of rhetoric as parts of, 4
delivery practice for, 153–54
informative, 176–89
major parts of, 12
online, 65
organizing, 96–111
outlining of, 12–13, 112–24
overview of, 9–14
persuasive, 189–219
practice of, 13–14, 121, 153–54
presentational, 247
purpose of, 10, 49–50
signaling end of, 130–31
source citation in, 61, 69, 81
special occasion, 219–31
topic of, 47–48
speech anxiety. See anxiety
speech points
in narrative organizational pattern, 111
organization of, 99
in problem-solution pattern, 108–10
in spatial pattern, 107
in topical pattern of arrangement, 110–11
sponsored links, 82
staff reports, 250–51
statistics, 58–61. See also citations; documentation systems
cherry-picking of, 61
ethical presentation of, 60–61
selective use of, 59
stereotypes, 42, 138
stop-time technique, for anxiety control, 17
story (narrative)
in introduction, 127
sharing of, 57
structuring, 57
stress, controlling in speech-making, 20
stretching, for anxiety management, 21
style, 133
citation, 67, 69, 81
oral, 5–6
subject (Web) directories, purposes of, 79–82
subject heading searches, on Internet, 83–84
subject matter, of informative speeches, 177, 178
subject-specific databases, 74
subordinate points, 13, 99, 100
subordination, in outlines, 13
summary
citations for, 27–28, 94
of key points, 130
notes for, 67, 69
oral, 28
as transitions, 103, 105
supporting material, 12, 58
developing, 55–61
locating, 62–72
oral citations of, 93
supporting points, 98–99, 101
transitions between, 104
surveys
of audience members, 45–46
in primary research, 71
sympathetic audience, 209
symposium, 245
synchronous communication, 234
tables, 157, 158, 170
talking head, 152
task roles, in groups, 239
team leader, 243
team presentations, 243–47, 255–56
technical presentations, 265–67
television
oral citations of programs, 92
speaking on, 294–95
temporal pattern, 106
testimony, 57–58
oral citations of, 92
theoretical research presentation, 268, 269
thesis statement, 11, 51–55
in arts and humanities speeches, 271
focus through, 55
main points and, 96–97
Thomas, David C., 6
timing, of speech, 154
toast, as speech, 222
topical pattern of arrangement, 110–11, 182, 183
topic (mind) mapping, 48–49
topic of speech, 10
listeners’ feelings toward, 37–38
narrowing of, 50–51, 52–53
preview in introduction, 128
reiterating in conclusion, 131–32
selecting, 47–49
town hall meeting, 246–47
transition(s), 101–5
as listener guides, 102–3, 177
previews and summaries as, 105
to signal end of speech, 130–31
between team speakers, 244
techniques for, 101–5
words and phrases for, 104
transition effects (PowerPoint), 169
treatment plan reports, in nursing and allied health courses, 275–76
tributes, speeches as, 222–23
truncation, in keyword searches, 83
trustworthiness
of sources, 71–72
of speaker, 25
truth, reckless disregard for, 24
Tufte, Edward, 162
two-sided message, 197
typefaces, for presentation aids, 162–63
underlining, in presentation aids, 163
uninformed audience, 209
unity, of organization, 100
value(s)
of audience, 23, 36–37, 41
claims of, 196
core, 201, 202
cross-cultural, 43
universal, 44
Verdery, Morgan, 18
video(s), 159. See also citations; documentation systems
online, 234–35
in PowerPoint presentation, 170–71
video recording
of speech practice, 154
Villarreal, Elpidio, 131–32, 190–91
virtual delivery, in online presentations, 232–33
visual aids. See also presentation aids
for online presentations, 233
visualization, for anxiety management, 18–19
visualization step, in motivated sequence, 205
vocal delivery, 14
vocal fillers, 147
vocal variety, 148
for non-native English speakers, 298–99
in online presentations, 233
vodcast, 140, 235
voice control
in speaking, 146–50
on television, 194
voice of verbs
active, 137
passive, 137
voice projection, 146
volume, of speaking, 146
voluntary audience, 39
warrants (reasons), in argument, 195
watchdog sites, 75
Web directories, 79
Webinars, 236–37
Weblog. See blogs
Web sites. See also citations; documentation systems; Internet
citation for, 81–82
evaluating, 76–77
oral citation of organization, 91
source credits on, 81–82
Web sources. See also Internet
recording and citing, 81
Wikipedia, 64
Wilson, Phil, 135
word(s)
accurate uses of, 136
pronunciation and articulation of, 146
“Shock Jock” syndrome and, 137
transitional, 104, 105
word association, for brainstorming, 48
working outline, 13, 112, 114–19
sample of, 114, 115–19
working world, audience types in, 260
Works Cited
in informative speech, 188–89
in motivated sequence speech, 218–19
in problem-cause-solution persuasive speech, 214
worksheets, in PowerPoint presentation, 170
Yahoo!, 78
YouTube, 72