1. Robert Harris, “A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices,” July 26, 2002, VirtualSalt Web site, www.virtualsalt.com/rhetoric.htm.

2. Peggy Noonan, Simply Speaking: How to Communicate Your Ideas with Style, Substance, and Clarity (New York: Regan Books, 1998), 51.

3. Dan Hooley, “The Lessons of the Ring,” Vital Speeches of the Day 70, no. 20 (2004): 660–63.

4. James E. Lukaszewski, “You Can Become a Verbal Visionary,” speech delivered to the Public Relations Society of America, Cleveland, Ohio, April 8, 1997. Executive Speaker Library, www.executive-speaker.com/lib_moti.html.

5. Loren J. Naidoo and Robert G. Lord, “Speech Imagery and Perceptions of Charisma: The Mediating Role of Positive Affect,” Leadership Quarterly 19, no. 3 (2008): 283–96.

6. Ibid, phrase taken from President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s 1933 inaugural address; he used the phrase again in a 1942 speech.

7. L. Clemetson and J. Gordon-Thomas, “Our House Is on Fire,” Newsweek, June 11, 2001, 50.

8. Andrew C. Billings, “Beyond the Ebonics Debate: Attitudes about Black and Standard American English,” Journal of Black Studies 36 (2005): 68–81.

9. Sylvie Dubois, “Sounding Cajun: The Rhetorical Use of Dialect in Speech and Writing,” American Speech 77, no. 3 (2002): 264–87.

10. Gloria Anzaldúa, “Entering into the Serpent,” in The St. Martin’s Handbook, eds. Andrea Lunsford and Robert Connors, 3rd ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 25.

11. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

12. Cited in William Safire, Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992), 22.

13. “Barack Obama’s New Hampshire Primary Speech,” Nashua, NH, January 8, 2008, New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2008/01/08/us/politics/08text-obama.html?pagewanted=a11.

14. Lunsford and Connors, The St. Martin’s Handbook, 345.