1. C. M. Anderson, B. L. Riddle, and M. M. Martin, “Socialization in Groups,” in Handbook of Group Communication Theory and Research, ed. Lawrence R. Frey, Dennis S. Gouran, and Marshall Scott Poole. (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1999): 139–63; A. J. Salazar, “An Analysis of the Development and Evolution of Roles in the Small Group,” Small Group Research 27 (1996): 475–503; K. D. Benne and P. Sheats, “Functional Roles of Group Members,” Journal of Social Issues 4 (1948): 41–49.

2. Dan O’Hair and Mary Wiemann, Real Communication, 2nd ed. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012), 266.

3. Ibid., 268.

4. W. Park, “A Comprehensive Empirical Investigation of the Relationships among Variables of the Groupthink Model,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (2000): 874–87; D. T. Miller, and K. R. Morrison, “Expressing Deviant Opinions: Believing You Are in the Majority Helps,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45, no. 4 (2009): 740–47.

5. O’Hair and Wiemann, Real Communication, 266.

6. Geoffrey A. Cross, “Collective Form: An Exploration of Large-Group Writing,” Journal of Business Communication 37 (2000): 77–101.

7. Irving Lester Janis, Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).

8. Ibid.

9. Victor H. Vroom and Philip Yetton, Leadership and Decision Making (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973); C. Pavitt, “Theorizing about the Group Communication-Leadership Relationship: Input-Process-Output and Functional Models,” in Handbook of Group Communication Theory and Research, ed. Frey, Gouran, and Poole, 313–34.

10. L. Richard Hoffman and Norman R. F. Maier, “Valence in the Adoption of Solutions by Problem-Solving Groups: Concept, Method, and Results,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 69 (1964): 264–71.

11. John Dewey, How We Think (Boston: D.C. Heath Co, 1950).