1. E. Flege, J. M. Munro, and I. R. A. McKay, “Factors Affecting Strength of Perceived Foreign Accent in a Second Language,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97 (1995): 312.

2. The content in this section is based on Robbin Crabtree and Robert Weissberg, ESL Students in the Public Speaking Classroom, 2nd ed. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003), 23.

3. M. C. Florez, “Improving Adult ESL Learners’ Pronunciation Skills,” National Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education, 1998, www.cal.org/NCLE/DIGESTS/Pronun.htm.

4. Ibid.

5. Robert Anholt, Dazzle ’Em with Style: The Art of Oral Scientific Presentation (New York: W. H. Freeman & Co, 1994), 156.