1. Kathy Thompson, Pamela Leintz, Barbara Nevers, and Susan Witkowski, “The Integrative Listening Model: An Approach to Teaching and Learning Listening,” Journal of General Education 53 (2004): 225–46.

2. Andrew Wolvin and C. Coakley, Listening, 4th ed. (Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1992), 28.

3. Laura Janusik, “Time Spent Listening and Communicating,” International Listening Association, section on “Listening Facts,” http://www.listen.org/.

4. J. Flynn, T. Valikoski, and J. Grau, “Listening in the Business Context: Reviewing the State of Research,” International Journal of Listening, 22, no. 2 (2008): 141–51.

5. H. E. Chambers, Effective Communication Skills for Scientific and Technical Professionals (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2001).

6. Graduate Management Admissions Council, “2011 Corporate Recruiters’ Survey,” http://www.gmac.com/community/media/p/987.aspx.

7. Philip Vassallo, “Dialogue: Speaking to Listen: Listening to Speak,” ETC (Fall 2000): 306–13.

8. Dirk Heylen, “Understanding Speaker-Listener Interactions,” paper presented at the Interspeech 2009 International Speech Communication Association Conference, http://www.interspeech2009.org/conference/.

9. S. Golen, “A Factor Analysis of Barriers to Effective Listening,” Journal of Business Communication 27 (1990): 25–36.

10. Thanks to Barry Antokoletz of New York City College of Technology for suggesting the inclusion of these strategies.

11. Thomas E. Anastasi Jr., Listen! Techniques for Improving Communication Skills, CBI series in Management Communication (Boston: CBI Publishing, 1982), 35.

12. Ibid.