Brief Table of Contents
1 Principles of Life 1
PART 1 Cells
2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life 18
3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 37
4 Cells: The Working Units of Life 60
5 Cell Membranes and Signaling 82
6 Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy 105
PART 2 Genetics
7 The Cell Cycle and Cell Division 129
8 Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes 150
9 DNA and Its Role in Heredity 172
10 From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression 194
11 Regulation of Gene Expression 215
12 Genomes 234
13 Biotechnology 253
14 Genes, Development, and Evolution 273
PART 3 Evolution
15 Processes of Evolution 298
16 Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies 325
17 Speciation 343
18 The History of Life on Earth 357
PART 4 Diversity
19 Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses 378
20 The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 401
21 The Evolution of Plants 420
22 The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi 450
23 Animal Origins and Diversity 469
PART 5 Plant Form and Function
24 The Plant Body 521
25 Plant Nutrition and Transport 537
26 Plant Growth and Development 555
27 Reproduction of Flowering Plants 573
28 Plants in the Environment 589
PART 6 Animal Form and Function
29 Fundamentals of Animal Function 605
30 Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion 624
31 Breathing 643
32 Circulation 661
33 Muscle and Movement 681
34 Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems 699
35 Control by the Endocrine and Nervous Systems 733
36 Water and Salt Balance 751
37 Animal Reproduction 768
38 Animal Development 787
39 Immunology: Animal Defense Systems 809
40 Animal Behavior 827
PART 7 Ecology
41 The Distribution of Earth’s Ecological Systems 845
42 Populations 864
43 Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions within and among Species 882
44 Ecological Communities 898
45 The Global Ecosystem 916
Appendix A The Tree of Life 936
Appendix B Making Sense of Data: A Statistics Primer 943
Appendix C Some Measurements Used in Biology 956