For Exercises 12.1 to 12.3, see page 597; and for 12.4 and 12.5, see page 599.
12.5 Common causes and special causes.
In Exercise 12.1 (page 597), you described the process of getting on an airplane. What are some sources of common cause variation in this process? What are some special causes that can result in out-of-control variation?
12.5
An example of common cause variation would include long lines, etc. An example of a special cause might be a delayed flight, etc.