For Exercise 2.91, see page 106; for 2.92 and 2.93, see pages 106–107; for 2.94 to 2.96, see page 108; for 2.97 to 2.99, see page 109; and for 2.100 and 2.101, see pages 111–112.

Question 2.117

2.117 Obesity and health

Recent studies have shown that earlier reports underestimated the health risks associated with being overweight. The error was due to lurking variables. In particular, smoking tends both to reduce weight and to lead to earlier death. Illustrate Simpson's paradox by a simplified version of this situation. That is, make up tables of overweight (yes or no) by early death (yes or no) by smoker (yes or no) such that

  • Overweight smokers and overweight nonsmokers both tend to die earlier than those not overweight.
  • But when smokers and nonsmokers are combined into a two-way table of overweight by early death, persons who are not overweight tend to die earlier.