FIGURE 11.18 Photo Essay: Urbanization in Oceania There are two general patterns of urbanization in Oceania. While Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii are already highly urbanized places with high standards of living, Papua New Guinea and many Pacific islands are much more rural and have lower standards of living. 11.18a Courtesy Torsten Blackwood/AFP/Getty Images, 11.18b Courtesy Sandra Mu/Getty Images, 11.18c Courtesy Torsten Blackwood/AFP/Getty Images, 11.18d Courtesy Alex Ellinghausen/The Sydney Morning Herald/Fairfax Media/Getty Images