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Front cover & title page: Niko Guido/Getty Images
Back cover: (left) Bartosz Hadyniak/Getty Images; (center) Richard Nowitz/Getty Images; (right) Tristan Savatier/Getty Images
1.2 Courtesy Julia Stump
1.3a Witold Skrypczak/Getty Images
1.3b David DeHetre/Getty Images
1.3c Mike Powell/Getty Images
1.3d USGS
1.3e USGS
1.3f USGS
1.3g USGS
1.4 Pius Utomi Ekpei/AFP/Getty Images
1.11 Tim Graham/Getty Images
1.13a Patrik Stollarz/AFP/Getty Images
1.13b Massoud Hossaini/AFP/Getty Images
1.13c China Photos/Getty Images
1.13d NASA
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1.13f NASA
1.15a Liu Jin/AFP/Getty Images
1.15b Farjana K. Godhuly/AFP/Getty Images
1.15c Alfredo Estrella/AFP/Getty Images
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1.17a UIG via Getty Images
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1.18a Raul Arboleda/AFP/Getty Images
1.18b Joseph Eid/AFP/Getty Images
1.18c Michael Bradley/Getty Images
1.18d Gwenn Dubourthoumieu/AFP/Getty Images
1.19 The Times/Gallo Images/Getty Images
1.21 Sajjad Hussain/AFP/Getty Images
1.24a Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images
1.24c Deshakalyan Chowdhury/AFP/Getty Images
1.24d Jean-Marc Giboux/Getty Images
1.24e Orlando Sierra/AFP/Getty Images
1.24f Universal History Archive/Getty Images
1.28b Sabrina Dalbesio/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
1.29a1 UIG/Getty Images
1.29a2 UIG/Getty Images
1.29b1 Hoberman Collection/UIG/Getty Images
1.29b2 Palani Mohan/Getty Images
1.29c1 RDImages/Epics/Getty Images
1.29c2 Alexander Joe/AFP/Getty Images
1.29c3 Tim Graham/Getty Images
1.29d1 Russian Look/UIG/Getty Images
1.29d2 Nikki Kahn/The Washington Post/Getty Images
1.29e1 Paul J. Richards/AFP/Getty Images
1.29e2 P. Morris/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
1.30a Yehuda Raizner/AFP/Getty Images
1.30b Sonu Mehta/Hindustan Times/Getty Images
1.30c Romeo Gacad/AFP/Getty Images
1.30d Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty Images
1.30e Peter Delarue/AFP/Getty Images
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2.1a Karen Bleier/AFP/Getty Images
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2.1c Streeter Lecka/Getty Images
2.1d George Rose/Getty Images
2.1e Chris Graythen/Getty Images
2.2 Paul Harris/Getty Images
2.4a Lowell Georgia/National Geographic/Getty Images
2.4b Linda Davidson/The Washington Post via Getty Images
2.4c DEA/F. Barbagallo/De Agostini/Getty Images
2.5a James P. Blair/National Geographic/Getty Images
2.5b Wild Horizons/UIG via Getty Images
2.5c NASA
2.5e Daniel Acker/Bloomberg via Getty Images
2.5f Rick Eglinton/Toronto Star via Getty Images
2.5g Mandel Ngan/AFP/Getty Images
2.6a Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images
2.6b Josh Ritchie/Getty Images
2.6c Education Images/UIG via Getty Images
2.6d Craig Warga/NY Daily News Archive/Getty Images
2.9a Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, painting by Michael Hampshire
2.9b Photo by MPI/Getty Images
2.9c Library of Congress
2.9d Library of Congress
2.9e Library of Congress
2.9f Library of Congress
2.12a Tara Walton/Toronto Star via Getty Images
2.12b Courtesy USAID
2.12c Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images
2.12d Till Muellenmeister/AFP/Getty Images
2.12e Thony Belizaire/AFP/Getty Images
2.18 Mac Goodwin
2.21a Bob Martin/Sports Illustrated/Getty Images
2.21b Mario Tama/Getty Images
2.21c Carol M. Highsmith/Buyenlarge/Getty Images
2.21d Barry Williams/Getty Images
2.22a Emory Kristof/National Geographic/Getty Images
2.23a Education Images/UIG via Getty Images
2.23b Kasia Wandycz/Paris Match via Getty Images
2.23c Yuri Yuriev/AFP/Getty Images
2.24 Preston C. Mack/Getty Images
2.26a Scott Olson/Getty Images
2.26b Christinne Muschi/Toronto Star via Getty Images
2.26c Andrew McKinney/Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images
2.28a Mario Tama/Getty Images
2.28b David McNew/Newsmakers/Getty Images
2.28c Photo by Todd Korol/Sports Illustrated/Getty Images
2.40 Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images
2.41a David Boily/AFP/Getty Images
2.43 J.D. Pooley/Getty Images
2.45 John Amis/AFP/Getty Images
2.46 John Moore/Getty Images
2.47 David Boyer/National Geographic/Getty Images
2.49 Ray Ng/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
2.51 Sarah Leen/National Geographic/Getty Images
3.1a Michel Setboun/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
3.1b Hoberman Collection/UIG via Getty Images
3.1c Visions of America/UIG via Getty Images
3.1d Alain Buu/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
3.1e NASA
3.1f Antonio Scorza/AFP/Getty Images
3.1g Shaun Botterill — FIFA/FIFA via Getty Images
3.1h DEA/G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images
3.1i James P. Blair/National Geographic/Getty Images
3.2 Alex Pulsipher
3.5a Holger Leue/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
3.5b Veronique Durruty/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
3.5c DEA/A. Garozzo/De Agostini/Getty Images
3.7a Raphael Gaillarde/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
3.7b Education Images/UIG via Getty Images
3.7c Michele Burgess/Photolibrary/Getty Images
3.8a Wesley Bocxe/Photo Researchers/Getty Images
3.8b Michael Fairchild/Peter Arnold/Getty Images
3.8c Glowimages/Getty Images
3.8d Michael Nichols/National Geographic/Getty Images
3.8e JC Patricio/Flickr Open/Getty Images
3.9a Michael Schwab/Flickr/Getty Images
3.9b Mark Carwardine/Peter Arnold/Getty Images
3.9c Inga Spence/Photolibrary/Getty Images
3.10a John Moore/Getty Images
3.10b Yuri Cortez/AFP/Getty Images
3.10c Thony Belizaire/AFP/Getty Images
3.10d John Coletti/AWL Images/Getty Images
3.11a Bjorn Holland/The Image Bank/Getty Images
3.11b lluís Vinagre/Flickr/Getty Images
3.11c Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images
3.11d Spanish School/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
3.11e M.H. Zahner/Library of Congress
3.14 Wysocki Pawel/Getty Images
3.17a Greg Elms/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
3.17b Virgina Sherwood/Bravo/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images
3.17c Juanmonino/E+/Getty Images
3.18a Shaul Schwarz/Getty Images
3.18b Luis Ramirez/AFP/Getty Images
3.18c Luis Gonzalo Vinagre Solans/FlickrVision/Getty Images
3.24a Viviane Ponti/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
3.24b Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images
3.24c Claudio Cruz/LatinContent/Getty Images
3.25a Jeremy Edwards/Jumper/Photodisc/Getty Images
3.25b Mathias T Oppersdorff/Photo Researchers/Getty Images
3.25c Ernesto Benavides/AFP/Getty Images
3.27 Mario Tama/Getty Images
3.29a Vanderlei Almeida/AFP/Getty Images
3.29b John Warburton-Lee/AWL Images/Getty Images
3.30 Scott Olson/Getty Images
3.32a Jose Cabezas/AFP/Getty Images
3.33 Jodi Jacobson/E+/Getty Images
3.34a Leo Ramirez/AFP/Getty Images
3.35 Jane Sweeney/AWL Images/Getty Images
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3.36 George Holton/Photo Researchers/Getty Images
3.37a SambaPhoto/Cassio Vasconcellos/Getty Images
3.37b Alfredo Maiquez/Getty Images
3.38 Juan Mabromata/AFP/Getty Images
3.40 Jan Sochor/Latincontent/Getty Images
Table 3.1 (top) Alain Jocard/AFP/Getty Images
Table 3.1 (below top) Francois Ancellet/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
Table 3.1 (center) Louise Heusinkveld/Getty Images
Table 3.1 (below center) Travis Dove/National Geographic/Getty Images
Table 3.1 (bottom) Neil Fletcher and Matthew Ward/Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images
4.1a Ingmar Wesemann/E+/Getty Images
4.1b Beate Zoellner/F1online/Getty Images
4.1c Karl Johaentges/LOOK/Getty Images
4.1d Ingolf Pompe/LOOK/Getty Images
4.1e Ultraforma/E+/Getty Images
4.2a Jeroen Peys/E+/Getty Images
4.2b Andy Sacks/Stone/Getty Images
4.4a David Henderson/OJO Images/Getty Images
4.4b Ellen Rooney/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
4.4c Raimund Linke/Radius Images/Getty Images
4.5a Hans-Guenther Oed/STOCK4B/Getty Images
4.5b Ross McRoss/Flickr/Getty Images
4.5c Quim Llenas/Cover/Getty Images
4.5d NASA
4.7a Jasper Juinen/Getty Images
4.7b Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images
4.7c Ermal Meta/AFP/Getty Images
4.9a Ethel Davies/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
4.9b Izzet Keribar/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
4.9c De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images
4.9d Werner Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
4.9e Prisma/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
4.9f German School/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
4.10 Paul Biris Photography/Flickr/Getty Images
4.11a Rudi Von Briel/Peter Arnold/Getty Images
4.11b Manfred Pfefferle/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images
4.11c davespilbrow/Getty Images
4.13a Tom Stoddart/Getty Images
4.13b Christophe Simon/AFP/Getty Images
4.13c Oli Scarff/Getty Images
4.13d Weber/Getty Images
4.16a Jonathan Gelber/Getty Images
4.16b Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images
4.16c Image Source/Getty Images
4.17 Lydia Pulsipher
4.18a Denis Doyle/Getty Images
4.18b Mike Hewitt/Allsport/Getty Images
4.18c Peter Still/Redferns/Getty Images
4.20a Slow Images/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
4.20b Odd Andersen/AFP/Getty Images
4.20c Samuel Aranda/Getty Images
4.20d Sonnet Sylvain/hemis.fr/Getty Images
4.28 View Pictures/UIG via Getty Images
4.29a Frans Lemmens/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
4.29b NASA
4.30 Carsten Koall/Getty Images
4.32 Mauricio Abreu/AWL Images/Getty Images
4.34 Sara Thaw
4.35 Hana Kalvachova/isifa/Getty Images
4.36a Ferenc Isza/AFP/Getty Images
4.37 Mac Goodwin
5.1a Viktor Drachev/AFP/Getty Images
5.1b Amar Grover/AWL Images/Getty Images
5.1c Walter Bibikow/The Image Bank/Getty Images
5.1d John Cancalosi/Getty Images
5.1e Norberto Cuenca/Flickr/Getty Images
5.1f Pal Hermansen/Stone/Getty Images
5.1g Mark Newman/Getty Images
5.2 Sasha Mordovets/Getty Images
5.5a Russian Look/UIG via Getty Images
5.5b Fotosearch/Getty Images
5.5c Daisy Gilardini/Getty Images
5.6a Randy Olson/National Geographic/Getty Images
5.6b NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data obtained from the University of Maryland’s Global Land Cover Facility. Image interpretation provided by Dr. Gareth Rees and Dr. Olga Tutubalina, Scott Polar Research Institute.
5.6c WIN-Initiative/Getty Images
5.6d Alexander Zemlianichenko Jr./Bloomberg via Getty Images
5.7b NASA Earth Observatory
5.7c NASA Earth Observatory
5.8a Martin Moos/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
5.8b Vyacheslav Oseledko/AFP/Getty Images
5.8c Andrew Peacock/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
5.10a placchic/Flickr/Getty Images
5.10b Nick Laing/AWL Images/Getty Images
5.10c Martin Child/Photodisc/Getty Images
5.10d Ilya Efimovich Repin/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
5.10e Galerie Bilderwelt/Getty Images
5.10f Bill Ingalls/NASA/Getty Images
5.11 Elena Ermakova/Flickr/Getty Images
5.17a Noorullah Shirzada/AFP/Getty Images
5.17b Sergei Supinsky/AFP/Getty Images
5.17c STR/AFP/Getty Images
5.19a Vyacheslav Oseledko/AFP/Getty Images
5.19b Oleg Nikishin/Getty Images
5.19c Viktor Drachev/AFP/Getty Images
5.21a Vyacheslav Oseledko/AFP/Getty Images
5.21b Dmitry Kostyukov/AFP/Getty Images
5.21c WIN-Initiative/The Image Bank/Getty Images
5.22a Dmitry Mordvintsev/E+/Getty Images
5.22b Ekaterina Nosenko/Flickr/Getty Images
5.22c Michael Runkel/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
5.25a Alexandra Grablewski/Lifesize/Getty Images
5.25b Lara Hata/Photodisc/Getty Images
5.25c Victor Drachev/AFP/Getty Images
5.27 Yadid Levy/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
5.28 Simon Richmond/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
5.29 Iain Masterton/age fotostock/Getty Images
5.30 Bruce Yuanyue Bi/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
5.34 Lynn Johnson/National Geographic/Getty Images
5.35 Bjorn Holland/The Image Bank/Getty Images
5.36 Doug Meikle Dreaming Track Images/Photolibrary/Getty Images
5.37 James Strachan/The Image Bank/Getty Images
6.1a Frans Lemmens/The Image Bank/Getty Images
6.1b Belahensene’s Photography/Flickr/Getty Images
6.1c Sylvester Adams/Photodisc/Getty Images
6.1d Malcolm MacGregor/AWL Images/Getty Images
6.1e Franz Aberham/Getty Images
6.1f Radius Images/Getty Images
6.1g Chris Caldicott/Axiom Photographic Agency/Getty Images
6.3 Mohammed Abed/AFP/Getty mages
6.5a Saleh Al-Rashaid/Flickr/Getty Images
6.5b J. Boyer/StockImage/Getty Images
6.5c Frederic Soreau/Photononstop/Getty Images
6.5d Ozcan Malkocer/Flickr/Getty Images
6.7a Nicolas Thibaut/Photononstop/Getty Images
6.7b Gilles Bassignac/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
6.7c Jason Larkin/arabianEye/Getty Images
6.7d Marwan Ibrahim/AFP/Getty Images
6.8 Adapted from A. M. MacDonald et al., Environ. Res. Lett. 7 (2012), Fig. 2. © IOP Publishing Ltd; CP13/082 British Geological Survey © NERC 2011. All rights reserved. Boundaries of surficial geology of Africa, courtesy of the US Geological Survey; Country boundaries sourced from ArcWorld © 1995–2011 ESRI. All rights reserved.
6.9a Gary Yeowell/The Image Bank/Getty Images
6.9b Abid Katib/Getty Images
6.9c Sabah Arar/AFP/Getty Images
6.10a James Baigrie/Photodisc/Getty Images
6.10b Scott Nelson/Getty Images
6.10c Christophe Boisvieux/hemis.fr/Getty Images
6.13a Salah Malkawi/Getty Images
6.13b Clive Streeter/Dorling Streeter/Getty Images
6.13c Reza/Getty Images
6.15a Wu Swee Ong/Flickr/Getty Images
6.15b Rabi Karim Photography/Flickr/Getty Images
6.15c Ayhan Altun/Flickr/Getty Images
6.15d DEA/V. Pirozzi/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images
6.15e AFP/Getty Images
6.15f Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
6.17a Abdelhak Senna/AFP/Getty Images
6.17b Mohammed Abed/AFP/Getty Images
6.17c Behrouz Mehri/AFP/Getty Images
6.18a Part of G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection/Library of Congress
6.18b Eric Lafforgue/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
6.18c Werner Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
6.19a Ozan Kose/AFP/Getty Images
6.19b John Borthwick/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
6.19c Fethi Belaid/AFP/Getty Images
6.23a Motivate Publishing/Gallo Images/Getty Images
6.23b Abdelhak Senna/AFP/Getty Images
6.23c Phillip Hayson/Photolibrary/Getty Images
6.28a Purestock/Getty Images
6.28b Khaled Desouki/AFP/Getty Images
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6.28c Dimitar Dilkoff/AFP/Getty Images
6.28d Adem Altan/AFP/Getty Images
6.28e Mahmud Turkia/AFP/Getty Images
6.30a Warrick Page/Getty Images
6.30b David H Wells/arabianEye/Getty Images
6.31 Sally Walton/Flickr Vision/Getty Images
6.33 Education Images/UIG/Getty Images
6.34 Michel de Nijs/E+/Getty Images
6.35 Celia Peterson/arabianEye/Getty Images
6.38 Mac Goodwin
7.1a Martin Harvey/Workbook Stock/Getty Images
7.1b oversnap/Vetta/Getty Images
7.1c Nigel Pavitt/AWL Images/Getty Images
7.1d Pius Utomi Ekpei/AFP/Getty Images
7.1e Botafogo/Flickr/Getty Images
7.2 Simon Maina/AFP/Getty Images
7.5a Jacques Jangoux/Photo Researchers/Getty Images
7.5b Nigel Hicks/Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images
7.5c David Yarrow Photography/The Image Bank/Getty Images
7.5d Image courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center
7.6a Raphael Gaillarde/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
7.6b Georges Merillon/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
7.6c Wade Davis/Archive Photos/Getty Images
7.6d Matt Fletcher/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
7.7a Photostock Israel/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images
7.7b Lynn Johnson/National Geographic/Getty Images
7.7c Graeme Williams/Gallo Images/Getty Images
7.8a Tony Karumba/AFP/Getty Images
7.8b Nigel Pavitt/AWL Images/Getty Images
7.8c Ivan Vdovin/AGE Fotostock/Getty Images
7.8d Hoberman Collection/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
7.9 Adapted from A. M. MacDonald et al., Environ. Res. Lett. 7 (2012), Fig. 2. © IOP Publishing Ltd; CP13/082 British Geological Survey © NERC 2011. All rights reserved. Boundaries of surficial geology of Africa, courtesy of the US Geological Survey; Country boundaries sourced from ArcWorld © 1995–2011 ESRI. All rights reserved.
7.10a Hans Surfer/Flickr/Getty Images
7.10b Enrique R Aguirre Aves/Getty Images
7.10c Massimo Pizzotti/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
7.11a Peter V. Bianchi/National Geographic/Getty Images
7.11b Andrew McConnell/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
7.11c Amar Grover/AWL Images/Getty Images
7.11d French School/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
7.11e Reinhold Thiele/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
7.11f F1online/Getty Images
7.13 Kasia Wandycz/Paris Match Archive/Getty Images
7.15 Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone/Getty Images
7.17 Per-Anders Pettersson/Getty Images News
7.21a Tony Karumba/AFP/Getty Images
7.21b Chris Hondros/Getty Images News
7.21c Leon Sadiki/City Press/Gallo Images/Getty Images
7.21d Paula Bronstein/Getty Images News
7.24a Pius Utomi Ekepei/AFP/Getty Images
7.24b AFP/Getty Images
7.24c Chicago Tribune/McClatchy-Tribune/Getty Images
7.24d Tony Karumba/AFP/Getty Images
7.30a Matjaz Krivic/Getty Images
7.30b Gianluigi Guercia/AFP/Getty Images
7.30c Denny Allen/Gallo Images/Getty Images
7.34 Eco Images/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
7.35 Andy Rouse/The Image Bank/Getty Images
7.36b Gunter Ziesler/Photolibrary/Getty Images
7.37 Kevin Schafer/Peter Arnold/Getty Images
7.38a Niels van Gijn/AWL Images/Getty Images
7.38b Hoberman Collection/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
7.39 Franz Marc Frei/Getty Images
8.1a John Lund/The Image Bank/Getty Images
8.1b NASA
8.1c Eco Images/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
8.1d Michele Falzone/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
8.1e Michele Falzone/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
8.1f Adrian Pope/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
8.2 Robert Nickelsberg/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
8.5a Tushar S. Chowdhury/Flickr/Getty Images
8.5b Tauseef Mustafa/AFP/Getty Images
8.5c Shantanu Bedarkar/Flickr/Getty Images
8.7a Munir uz Zaman/AFP/Getty Images
8.7b Robert Nickelsberg/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
8.7c Punit Paranjpe/AFP/Getty Images
8.7d Deshakalyan Chowdhury/AFP/Getty Images
8.8a Farooq Naeem/AFP/Getty Images
8.8b Tim Graham/Getty Images
8.8c Prashanth Vishwanathan/Bloomberg/Getty Images
8.8d Thierry Falise/LightRocket/Getty Images
8.9a Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Getty Images
8.9b Buena Vista Images/The Images Bank/Getty Images
8.9c Dibyangshu Sarkar/AFP/Getty Images
8.13a Luca Tettoni/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
8.13b Mlenny Photography/E+/Getty Images
8.13c Science & Society Picture Library/Getty Images
8.13d Mansell/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
8.13e Hemant Chawla/The India Today Group/Getty Images
8.14a Amir Mukthar/FlickrVision/Getty Images
8.14b Sanjay Kanojia/AFP/Getty Images
8.14c Pedro Ugarte/AFP/Getty Images
8.15a Mark Williamson Stock Photography/The Image Bank/Getty Images
8.15b Amit Bhargava/Bloomberg/Getty Images
8.15c Namas Bhojani/Bloomberg/Getty Images
8.15d Godong/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
8.16 Alex Pulsipher
8.19a Huw Jones/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
8.19b Dario Mitidieri/Photonica World/Getty Images
8.19c AFP/Getty Images
8.22 Niko Guido/E+/Getty Images
8.23a Mark Kolbe/Getty Images
8.23b Religious Images/UIG/Getty Images
8.23c Behrouz Mehri/AFP/Getty Images
8.29 Majority World/UIG/Getty Images
8.31a Banaras Khan/AFP/Getty Images
8.31b AFP/Getty Images
8.31c NASA
8.31d R. Fox Photography/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
8.32 Iqbal Khatri/Flickr/Getty Images
8.33 AFP/Getty Images
8.36 Keren Su/Stone/Getty Images
8.37 Adrian Pope/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
8.38 Munir Uz Zaman/AFP/Getty Images
8.39 Indranil Mukherjee/AFP/Getty Images
8.40 Eric Vandeville/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
8.41 Photo by Alinari/Alinari via Getty Images
8.42 Grant Faint/The Image Bank/Getty Images
9.1a Keren Su/China Span/Getty Images
9.1b Stuart Keasley/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
9.1c ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images
9.1d Bruce Dale/National Geographic/Getty Images
9.1e Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images
9.2a Keren Su/China Span/Getty Images
9.2b Feng Li/Getty Images
9.4a Haibo Bi/E+/Getty Images
9.4b Travelasia/Asia Images/Getty Images
9.4c Bruno Morandi/The Image Bank/Getty Images
9.4d Fotosearch/Getty Images
9.5a Simon Yu/Flickr/Getty Images
9.5b Goh Chai Hin/AFP/Getty Images
9.5c ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images
9.5d ngkaki/E+/Getty Images
9.7a Martin Moos/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
9.7b Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images
9.7c Bruno Morandi/The Image Bank/Getty Images
9.8a Blue Jean Images/Getty Images
9.8b Jacques Marais/Gallo Images/Getty Images
9.8c Alexander Safonov/Flickr/Getty Images
9.9a STR/AFP/Getty Images
9.9b Sam Yeh/AFP/Getty Images
9.9c China Photos/Getty Images
9.9d Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE
9.11a Toru Yamanaka/AFP/Getty Images
9.11b Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Images
9.11c Bruno Morandi/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
9.12a Imagemore Co., Ltd./Getty Images
9.12b Robert G. Brown/Design Pics/Perspectives/Getty Images
9.12c Melanie Stetson Freeman/The Christian Science Monitor/Getty Images
9.12d Hulton Archive/Getty Images
9.12e AFP/Getty Images
9.12f DAJ/Amana Images/Getty Images
9.15 Kurita Kaku/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
9.17a Hong Wu/Getty Images
9.17b Multi-Bits/The Image Bank/Getty Images
9.17c Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images
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9.17d Tomohiro Ohsumi/Bloomberg/Getty Images
9.21a Andrew Ross/AFP/Getty Images
9.21b Kazuhiro Nogi/AFP/Getty Images
9.21c STR/AFP/Getty Images
9.21d Pedro Ugarte/AFP/Getty Images
9.22a Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Images
9.22b Doug Kanter/Bloomberg/Getty Images
9.23 Yuriko Nakao/Bloomberg/Getty Images
9.28 Robert Van Der Hilst/The Image Bank/Getty Images
9.29a Palani Mohan/Getty Images
9.29b View Stock/Getty Images
9.30 Toshiyuki Aizawa/Bloomberg/Getty Images
9.33 Best View Stock/Getty Images
9.35a Wei Fang/Flickr Open/Getty Images
9.36 Bruce Yuanyue Bi/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
9.37 Christian Kober/AWL Images/Getty Images
9.38 Best View Stock/Getty Images
9.39a Mark Ralston/AFP/Getty Images
9.39b Ray Cheung/Flickr/Getty Images
9.40 STR/AFP/Getty Images
9.41 Hong Wu/Getty Images
9.42 David Tipling/The Image Bank/Getty Images
9.43a Joan Pollock/Photolibrary/Getty Images
9.43b Justin Guariglia/National Geographic/Getty Images
9.44 SeongJoon Cho/Bloomberg/Getty Images
9.45a Ayse Topbas/Flickr Vision/Getty Images
9.45b David Hume Kennerly/Photonica World/Getty Images
9.46a Paul Chesley/Stone/Getty Images
9.46b Shayne Hill/Xtreme Visuals/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
9.46c John S. Lander/LightRocket/Getty Images
10.1a Steve Winter/National Geographic/Getty Images
10.1b Wilbur E. Garrett/National Geographic/Getty Images
10.1c Per-Andre Hoffmann/LOOK/Getty Images
10.1d Øystein Lund Andersen/E+/Getty Images
10.1e Kazuhiro Nogi/AFP Photo/Getty Images
10.2a Yvan Cohen/LightRocket/Getty Images
10.2b Mattias Klum/National Geographic/Getty Images
10.6a John S. Lander/LightRocket/Getty Images
10.6b Per-Andre Hoffmann/LOOK/Getty Images
10.6c Hoang Dinh Nam/AFP/Getty Images
10.7a Frans Lemmens/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
10.7b Feargus Cooney/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
10.7c Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images
10.8a Auscape/UIG/Getty Images
10.8b Chicago Tribune/McClatchy-Tribune/Getty Images
10.9a Universal Images Group/Getty Images
10.9b Paula Bronstein/Getty Images
10.9c Jesse Allen/Earth Observatory/MODIS/NASA
10.9d Per-Andre Hoffmann/LOOK/Getty Images
10.10a Thierry Falise/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
10.10b Eco Images/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
10.11a STR/AFP/Getty Images
10.11b Lemaire Stephane/hemis.fr/Getty Images
10.11c Reinhard Dirscherl/WaterFrame/Getty Images
10.11d Roland Neveu/LightRocket/Getty Images
10.12a Romeo Gacad/AFP/Getty Images
10.12b Prisma/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
10.13a John S. Lander/LightRocket/Getty Images
10.13b Joe & Clair Carnegie/Libyan Soup/Getty Images
10.13c John S. Lander/LightRocket/Getty Images
10.13d Keystone/Getty Images
10.13e Dick Swanson/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
10.13f Igor Prahin/Flickr/Getty Images
10.14 Steve Raymer/Asia Images/Getty Images
10.16 Joakim Leroy/E+/Getty Images
10.18a Paula Bronstein/Getty Images
10.18b Tjahjono Eranius/AFP/Getty Images
10.18c Karlos Manlupig/AFP/Getty Images
10.18d Ian Timberlake/AFP/Getty Images
10.23a Bay Ismoyo/AFP/Getty Images
10.23b C. P. Cheah/Flickr/Getty Images
10.23c Hoang Dinh Nam/AFP/Getty Images
10.23d Pairoj/AFP/Getty Images
10.24 Ted Aljibe/AFP/Getty Images
10.25a STR/AFP/Getty Images
10.25b Hoang Dinh Nam/AFP/Getty Images
10.25c Jeremy Jones Villasis/FlickrVision/Getty Images
10.26a Jay Directo/AFP/Getty Images
10.26b Clara Prima/AFP/Getty Images
10.26c Paul Kennedy/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
10.27 Adek Berry/AFP/Getty Images
10.28a John Elk/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
10.28b Seet Ying Lai Photography/Flickr/Getty Images
10.28c Rebecca Skinner/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
10.29a Kylie McLaughlin/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
10.29b Hla Hla Htay/AFP/Getty Images
10.29c Dario Pignatelli/Bloomberg/Getty Images
10.29d Dario Pignatelli/Bloomberg/Getty Images
10.30 Roland Neveu/LightRocket/Getty Images
10.31a Ron Watts/First Light/Getty Images
10.31b Pascal Deloche/Photononstop/Getty Images
10.31c Christopher Groenhout/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
10.31d Neil Massey/Photonica World/Getty Images
10.32a Mike Fiala/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
10.32b Dean Conger/National Geographic/Getty Images
10.32c Cheoh Wee Keat/Flickr/Getty Images
10.33 Mitchell Kanashkevich/The Image Bank/Getty Images
10.34 Peter Ptschelinzew/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
10.35a InterNetwork Media/Photodisc/Getty Images
10.35b Karl Malakunas/AFP/Getty Images
10.35c Michael D Kennedy/U.S. Navy/Photo Researchers/Getty Images
10.35d Universal Images Group/Getty Images
11.1a Ignacio Palacios/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
11.1b Michael Runkel/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images
11.1c Jean-Pierre Pieuchot/Stone/Getty Images
11.1d Fotosearch/Getty Images
11.1e Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images
11.1f Gonzalo Azumendi/age fotostock/Getty Images
11.2a Justin Mcmanus/The AGE/Fairfax Media/Getty Images
11.2b Justin Mcmanus/The AGE/Fairfax Media/Getty Images
11.4 Michael Dunning/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
11.5a John White Photos/Flickr/Getty Images
11.5b ML Harris/The Image Bank/Getty Images
11.5c Guiziou Franck/hemis.fr/Getty Images
11.8a Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers/Getty Images
11.8b Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images
11.8c Kim Westerskov/Stone/Getty Images
11.8d Raimund Linke/Getty Images
11.9a Torsten Blackwood/AFP/Getty Images
11.9b Images by Ni-ree/Flickr/Getty Images
11.9c Mark Conlin/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images
11.9d David Wall Photo/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
11.10a Vanessa Mylett/Flickr/Getty Images
11.10b Robin Smith/Photolibrary/Getty Images
11.10c Kirsten Gamby/Flickr/Getty Images
11.12a Andrew Peacock/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images
11.12b The Asahi Shimbun/Getty Images
11.14a Pictorial Parade/Archive Photos/Getty Images
11.14b Stephen Alvarez/National Geographic/Getty Images
11.14c Hulton Archive/Getty Images
11.14d Hulton Archive/Getty Images
11.14e Popperfoto/Getty Images
11.14f Lisa Maree Williams/Getty Images
11.16 Gerard Sioen/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
11.18a Torsten Blackwood/AFP/Getty Images
11.18b Sandra Mu/Getty Images
11.18c Torsten Blackwood/AFP/Getty Images
11.18d Alex Ellinghausen/The Sydney Morning Herald/Fairfax Media/Getty Images
11.21 Auscape/UIG/Getty Images
11.22 Anoek De Groot/AFP/Getty Images
11.23a Mark Kolbe/Getty Images
11.23b William West/AFP/Getty Images
11.23c Torsten Blackwood/AFP/Getty Images
11.23d The West Australian/AFP/Getty Images
11.24a Glenn Campbell/The Sydney Morning Herald/Fairfax Media/Getty Images
11.24b Kenny Rodger/Getty Images
11.24c Wendell Teodoro/WireImage/Getty Images
11.25 Cameron Spencer/Getty Images
11.27 George Silk/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
11.28 Imagno/Hulton Fine Art Collection/Getty Images
11.29a Peter Stoop/Fairfax Media/Getty Images
11.29b Robert Madden/National Geographic/Getty Images
11.29c Chris Jackson/Getty Images
Epilogue-A Paul Nicklen/National Geographic/Getty Images
Epilogue-B Paul Sutherland/National Geographic/Getty Images
Epilogue-C Paul Nicklen/National Geographic/Getty Images
Epilogue-D Hulton Archive/Getty Images