3.5 Geographic Insights: Middle and South America Review and Self-Test

• 1. Climate Change and Deforestation: Deforestation in this region contributes to climate change by removing trees, which as living plants naturally absorb carbon dioxide. As the cut vegetation decays, large amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. Sustainable alternatives to deforestation are being tried.
  

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• 2. Water: Despite the region’s abundant water resources, parts of the region are experiencing a water crisis related to unplanned urbanization; marketization; corruption; inadequate water infrastructure; and the use of water to irrigate commercial agriculture.
  

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• 3. Globalization, Development, and Democratization: The integration of this region with the world economy has led to growing disparities of wealth and opportunity, forcing millions to migrate in search of work. A political backlash against these patterns of development has brought to power some leaders who question the benefits of globalization, while others seek to help their countries compete globally.
  

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• 4. Food and Urbanization: The shift from small-scale, subsistence food production to mechanized agriculture for export has fueled migration to cities. Many places previously were self-sufficient with regard to food; they now depend on imported food, making them susceptible to food insecurity.
  

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• 5. Population: A population explosion in the twentieth century has given this region about 596 million people, more than 10 times the population of the region in 1492. Now social and economic changes, including urbanization and the availability of contraception, are giving women options other than raising a family.
  

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• 6. Gender: Traditional gender roles are changing as women work outside the home and manage families in the absence of migrating males. Also, urbanization is reducing the influence of extended families, opening the door for many types of social change.
  

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