4.5 Geographic Insights: Europe Review and Self-Test

• 1. Water: Water is an issue in multiple ways. More droughts and floods are likely with climate change. Transportation via water is widespread and energy efficient, but the pollution of rivers and seas, especially the Mediterranean Sea, is increasing. European consumption patterns use virtual water from parts of the world that have deficits of water.

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• 2. Climate Change: The European Union (EU) is a leader in the global response to climate change. Goals to cut greenhouse gas emissions are complemented by many other strategies to save energy and resources.

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• 3. Globalization and Development: As European powers like Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands conquered vast overseas territories, they created trade relationships that transformed Europe economically and culturally and laid the foundation for the modern global economy. Today, Europe is struggling to remain globally competitive.

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• 4. Urbanization, Power, and Politics: Rates of urbanization and democratization in Europe are linked, but both rates vary across the region. Northern Europe is the most urbanized (close to 80 percent) and has the most democratic participation. Levels of both urbanization and democratization fall to the south and east.

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• 5. Food: Concerns about food security in Europe have led to heavily subsidized and regulated agricultural systems. Subsidies to agricultural enterprises account for nearly 40 percent of the budget of the European Union. Although large-scale food production by agribusiness is now dominant, there is a revival of organic and small-scale sustainable techniques.

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• 6. Population and Gender: Europe’s population is aging, as working women are choosing to have only one or two children. Immigration by young workers is partially countering this trend.

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