8.5 Geographic Insights: South Asia Review and Self-Test

• 1. Climate Change and Water: Climate change puts more lives at risk in South Asia than in any other region in the world, primarily due to water-related impacts. Sea level rise, droughts, floods, and the increased severity of storms imperil many urban and agricultural areas over the short term. Over the longer term, glacial melting threatens rivers and aquifers.

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• 2. Gender and Population: The assumptions that males are more useful to families than females and that females must be supplied with a dowry have resulted in a devaluation of females, leading to a gender imbalance in populations across South Asia. Those who can afford in utero gender-identifying technology may abort female fetuses, while those with fewer resources sometimes commit female infanticide. As a result, adult males significantly outnumber adult females. A second relationship between gender and population is that when females are given opportunities to work outside the home, they tend to choose to have fewer children.

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• 3. Food and Urbanization: Due to changes in food production systems in South Asia, food supplies and incomes of wealthy farmers have increased. Meanwhile, impoverished agricultural workers, displaced by new agricultural technology, have been forced to seek employment in cities, where they often end up living in crowded, unsanitary conditions and must purchase food.

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• 4. Globalization and Development: Globalization benefits populations unevenly. Educated and skilled South Asian workers with jobs in export-connected and technology-based industries and services enjoy better lives. Low-skilled workers, however, in both urban and rural areas, are left with demanding but very low-paying jobs.

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• 5. Power and Politics: India, South Asia’s oldest, largest, and strongest democracy, has shown that democratic institutions can ameliorate conflict. Across the region, when ordinary people have been able to participate in policy-making decisions and governance—especially at the local level—intractable conflict has been diffused and combatants have been convinced to take part in peaceful political processes.

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