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acculturation assimilation Aztecs biodiversity brain drain contested space coup d’état Creoles dictator ecotourism El Niño evangelical Protestantism Export Processing Zones (EPZs) extended family favelas foreign direct investment (FDI) | a family that consists of related individuals beyond the nuclear family of parents and children investment funds that come in to enterprises from outside the country indigenous people of high- specially created legal spaces or industrial parks within a country where, to attract foreign- the variety of life forms to be found in a given area nature- adaptation of a minority culture to the host culture enough to function effectively and be self- the migration of educated and ambitious young adults to cities or foreign countries, depriving the communities from which the young people come of talented youth in whom they have invested years of nurturing and education a military- periodic climate- Brazilian urban slums and shantytowns built by the poor; called colonias, barrios, or barriadas in other countries any area that two or more groups claim or want to use in different and often conflicting ways, such as the Amazon or Palestine the loss of old ways of life and the adoption of the lifestyle of another culture a Christian movement that focuses on personal salvation and empowerment of the individual through miraculous healing and transformation; some practitioners preach to the poor the “gospel of success”—that a life dedicated to Christ will result in prosperity for the believer a ruler who claims absolute authority, governing with little respect for the law or the rights of citizens people mostly of European descent born in the Americas |
hacienda import substitution industrialization (ISI) Incas income disparity indigenous isthmus liberation theology machismo maquiladoras marianismo marketization mercantilism Mercosur mestizos Middle America nationalize | a large agricultural estate in Middle or South America, more common in the past; usually not specialized by crop and not focused on market production a set of values that defines manliness in Middle and South America a free trade zone created in 1991 that links the economies of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela to create a common market foreign- a strategy for increasing a country’s power and wealth by acquiring colonies and managing all aspects of their production, transport, and trade for the colonizer’s benefit the gap in income between rich and poor people of mixed European, African, and indigenous descent native to a particular place or region the development of a free market economy in support of free trade policies that encourage local production of machinery and other items that previously had been imported at great expense from abroad indigenous people who ruled the largest pre- a narrow strip of land that joins two larger land areas a set of values based on the life of the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus, that defines the proper social roles for women in Middle and South America to seize private property and place it under government ownership, with some compensation a movement within the Roman Catholic Church that uses the teachings of Jesus to encourage the poor to organize to change their own lives and to encourage the rich to promote social and economic equity in this book, a region that includes Mexico, Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean |
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) plantation populist movements primate city privatization shifting cultivation silt South America structural adjustment programs (SAPs) subduction zone temperature- trade winds UNASUR urban growth poles | a productive system of agriculture in which small plots are cleared in forestlands, the dried brush is burned to release nutrients, and the clearings are planted with multiple species; each plot is used for only 2 or 3 years and then abandoned for many years of regrowth fine soil particles popularly based efforts, often seeking relief for the poor policies that require economic reorganization toward less government involvement in industry, agriculture, and social services; sometimes imposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as conditions for receiving loans a free trade agreement made in 1994 that added Mexico to the 1989 economic arrangement between the United States and Canada a union of South American nations that was organized in May of 2008; it supersedes Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations, two previous customs unions a zone where one tectonic plate slides under another regions of the same latitude that vary in climate according to altitude a large factory farm that grows and partially processes a single cash crop the continent south of Central America winds that blow from the northeast and the southeast toward the equator locations within cities that are attractive to investment, innovative immigrants, and trade, and thus attract economic development like a magnet the selling of formerly government- a city, plus its suburbs, that is vastly larger than all others in a country and in which economic and political activity is centered |