Digital Disparities

Back in 1995, a mere 3 percent of Americans had used the Internet; by 2012, almost 80 percent had. Compared to any other technology of the last century, that is quite a rapid penetration into the population, and the numbers of Internet users continue to grow across all demographic groups (Zickuhr & Smith, 2012). Even Americans of lower socioeconomic status now typically have access to at least some digital technology, including Internet and mobile phones. However, there are still some important digital disparities in terms of regular access to broadband connections or usage of multiple digital devices. For example, although low-income Americans may have a smartphone, that phone is often their sole digital device, which means that they are limited in their ability to do extensive Web searching or computer-based activities (such as writing papers for school) (Schradie, 2013). Even among those with similar levels of access, there are differences in how much use and participation they do online—younger adults and those with higher incomes and education are the ones who take the most advantage of online technology (Zickuhr & Smith, 2012).