After reading the passage below, answer the questions that follow. Be sure to "submit" your response for each question. You will initially receive full credit for each question, but your grade may change once your instructor reviews your responses. Be sure to check the grade book for your final grade.
Bullet Points on the Brain
There is something sinister in the world of public speaking presentations. You have undoubtedly been exposed to it, at work or at school. It is probably in your home computer. And according to one of the nation’s leading experts, it is making all of us stupid.
Edward Tufte is a professor emeritus of graphic design at Yale University. He has been academia’s most influential voice on the subject of the visual display of information for over three decades. He is an expert on the use of graphs and visual aids to explain all types of information, from train schedules to empirical data. He uses computers to crunch numbers and present quantitative information. But Tufte is no fan of presentation software (such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple Keynote, Google Presentations, and Prezi). The problem, Tufte (2003) explains, is that programs like PowerPoint force presentations into an outline format, with little development beyond a series of bulleted lists. Because a typical slide contains a mere forty words — about eight seconds of reading — presentations become a succession of short, boring lists of facts, presented out of context and with little room for evaluation. PowerPoint, with its proclivity to condense and reduce information to fit conveniently onto a slide, actually led scientists at NASA to misjudge the danger faced by the damaged space shuttle on its return to Earth (Wolfe, 2019). In short, PowerPoint is presenter-centered, not content- or audience-centered (Tufte, 2006).
Of course, current software programs offer you the opportunity to do more than just present bulleted lists. They can add real visual interest to a speech, enabling you to easily share photographs, data charts, and graphics with an audience. The problem is when presenters rely on the program to design the content of their speeches rather than to enhance it. Tufte finds that a program’s format “routinely disrupts, dominates, and trivializes content” (Tufte, 2003).
The best remedy? Make sure you have good content and only use visual displays that really convey meaning. A solid graph, for example, does not just present numbers: it helps the audience to understand the numbers you are presenting. Most importantly, remember that pictures may be pretty, but content is still king. If your numbers are boring, then you’ve got the wrong numbers, Tufte writes. If your words or images are not on point, making them dance in color won’t make them relevant.