reflect3e

Index

abstract language, 135

academic articles, review of, 255

acceptance, speeches of, 221

action step, in motivated sequence, 205–6

active listening, 31

active voice, 137, 161

activity presentation, for group, 273

ad hominem argument, 24, 199

advanced search function, of search engines, 84, 85

affirmative side, in debate, 256

after-dinner speeches, 223–24

age, of audience, 40

agenda, for group communication, 239

Agnew, Spiro, 139

agora (public square), 3–4

alliteration, 139

almanacs, 64

American Psychological Association. See APA documentation system

analogies, 135–36

in informative speech, 180

reasoning by, 198

in scientific and mathematical presentations, 264

anaphora, 139

anecdotes, 57

Anholt, Robert, 299

animation effects (PowerPoint), 169

anti-group roles, 239

antithesis, 140

anxiety

boosting one’s confidence and, 18–19, 22

identifying causes of, 15–16

management of, 14–22

performance, 17

preparation, 17

pre-performance, 17

pre-preparation, 16

APA documentation system, 281–84

apathetic audience, 209

appeal to tradition fallacy, 201

appearance, on television, 294–95

architecture design review, 266

argument(s)

addressing other side of, 197

claims in, 195

in debates, 256–57

devil’s advocacy, 240, 241

dialectical inquiry, 240, 241

in persuasive speeches, 190, 195–201

Aristotle, 4, 190, 192

Armstrong, Neil, 140

arrangement. See also organization of speech

articles. See also citations; documentation systems

recording and citing, 68–69

articulation, 148

by non-native English speakers, 298

arts courses, presentation speeches in, 270–72

asynchronous communication, 234

atlases, 65

attention step, in motivated sequence, 204

attire, during speeches, 153

attitudes, of audience, 36, 37

attribution, 26

audience. See also audience analysis; delivery of speech

attitudes toward topic and, 37–38

call to action for, 132

central processing by, 194

common ground with, 127–28

for crisis-response presentations, 252

cultural differences in, 43–44, 201–2

engaging, 142

ethical speech and, 248

facial expressions and, 150–51

feelings toward occasion, 25

identify disposition of, 208–9

inclusion in speech, 6

interviewing and surveying, 44–46

introduction and, 126–28

listening by, 30–34

motivation of, 263

for online presentations, 238

on-the-job, 260–61

peripheral processing by, 194

persuasive speech organization and, 202–9

for presentational speaking, 247–48

for progress report, 251

for proposal, 250

psychology of listeners, 36–39

public speaking anxiety and, 15–22

respecting values of, 23

for sales presentations, 248–49

source perception by, 87

for special-occasion speeches, 219–25

speech topic and, 128

for staff reports, 250

for team presentations, 243

types of, 209

audience analysis, 9–10, 36–46

demographics and, 40–42

for gauging existing knowledge, 176

audience-centered approach, 8, 36

audio, 159

autocratic leaders, 241

averages, statistical, 60

balance, of organization, 100

bandwagoning fallacy, 199

bar graph, 157, 158

barriers to listening, 33

begging the question fallacy, 199

beliefs, of audience, 36, 37, 41

biased language, rooting out, 140

biases

of speaker, 33

on Web sites, 77

bibliography, working, 269

Bing, 72

biographical resources, 64

blogs, 70

as information sources, 78–79

locating, 62, 70

oral citations of, 91–92

body language

and delivery of speech, 143, 150

on television, 194

body of speech, 12, 96

boldface, in presentation aids, 163

books. See also citations; documentation systems

access, 73

oral citation of, 90–91

of quotations, 73

recording and citing, 90–91

as sources, 62

Boolean operators, in keyword searches, 83

brainstorming, 48, 50–51

breathing

techniques for anxiety management, 20

voice projection and, 146

brief examples, 56

business and professional ethics, 248

business situations, presentations in, 247–53

Calapinto, John, 27–28

call to action, 132

canned speeches, 223

canons of rhetoric, 4

captive audience, 38, 39, 247–48

careers

business presentations skills and, 253

public speaking in, 2–3

career success, from public speaking, 2, 253

case conference, in nursing and allied health courses, 275–76

case study

in classroom, 252–53

clinical, 275

categorical pattern, 110

causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement, 107–8

causal reasoning, in persuasive speeches, 198–99

causes, underlying, 111, 181

celebration, speeches of, 219

central idea. See thesis statement

central processing, 194

channel, 8

charts, 157, 158

flip charts, 160

cherry-picking, in statistical presentation, 61

Chicago Manual of Style documentation system, 278–80

chronological organization, 106, 182

Cicero, 4

citations. See also documentation systems; specific systems

of articles and periodicals, 68–69

for fact and statistics sources, 26

of Internet sources, 80–81

oral, 86, 90–92, 93

in PowerPoint presentations, 171

in presentation aids, 93

for quotations, paraphrases, and summaries, 26, 27–28, 81, 94

for sources in speeches, 26–28, 66–67, 80–81, 85–94

style of, 67, 69

claims, in argument, 195–96, 256

classroom, case study presentation in, 252–53

classroom discussion presentation, 273

clichés, 136

clinical case study, 275

Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 132

clip art, in PowerPoint presentation, 166, 170

closed-end questions, 45

closure, in conclusion, 130–31

co-culture (social community), of audience, 41

code-switching, 136–37

coherence, of organization, 100

collaboration, with interviewee, 71

colleagues, as audience, 260

collectivist cultures, 202

colloquial expressions, 138

color

in presentation aids, 163

subjective interpretations of, 163–64

commemoration, speeches of, 219

commencement address, sample of, 225–30

commercial factors, in research, 82

common ground, with audience, 127–28

common knowledge citations, 26–27

communication

asynchronous, 234

dialogic, 31

in groups, 238–47

in informative speech, 178–80

mediated, 294–95

nonverbal, 150

process of, 7

public speaking as, 6–8

community service learning project, 215–19

comparative advantage pattern, 206, 249

compare and contrast speeches, 271

computer-generated presentation aids, 159

concise language, 11

conclusion, 12, 96, 225

in arts and humanities speeches, 271

preparing, 130–33

transition to, 103

concrete language, 135

confidence

boosting, 18–19, 22

in speaking, 142

conflict, in group communication, 240

connotative meaning, 138

consultative leaders, 241

context, of speech, 8, 46

controversial topics, debates over, 256, 268

conversation, speeches as, 18

conversation stoppers, 24

coordinate points, 99, 100

coordination, in outlines, 13

PowerPoint presentations and, 171

core values, appeals to, 201, 202

Corlin, Richard F., 56

Coulter, John, sample outline by, 115–19, 121–23

Council of Science Editors. See CSE documentation system

Creative Commons (organization), 29

credibility. See also reliability

in persuasive speech, 191–92

of sources, 88–89

of speaker, 22, 128–29, 130

words for, 136–40

crisis-response presentations, 252

critical audience, 209

cross-cultural values, 43

CSE documentation system, 288–91

cultural background, of audience, 41

cultural barriers, to listening, 33

cultural intelligence, 6

cultural norms, appeals to, 201, 202

cultural premises, 201, 202

cultural sensitivity, 137–38

culture

adapting to audience culture, 43–44

addressing in persuasive speeches, 201–2

Darbelnet, Robert I., 129

data

in social science presentations, 270

in technical presentations, 266

database

on general search engines, 78

subject-specific, 74

debates, 256

in arts and humanities courses, 271

about controversial social science issues, 268

formal, 257

strong arguments in, 256–57

taking sides in, 256

tips for winning, 258

decision making, in groups, 240

declarative sentence, main point as, 97

decoding, 7

deductive reasoning, in persuasive speeches, 198

deep Web, 73

defamatory speech, 23–24

defensive listening, 32

definition, in informative speech, 179

delegative leaders, 241

delivery of source information, 90

delivery cues, 120

delivery of speech, 14

body language and, 143, 150

methods of, 142–45

nonverbal, 14

online, 234

planning and practicing for, 153–54

speaking outline for, 120–23, 124

voice control in, 146–50

delivery outline, 112

demographics, audience, 10, 40–42, 44

demonstration, in informative speech, 178, 179, 181

denotative meaning, 138

derivative works, copyright and, 29

description, in informative speech, 179, 270–71

design, of presentation aids, 161–64

Design Template (PowerPoint), 167

devil’s advocacy argument, 240, 241

Dewey, John, six-step reflective thinking process of, 242

diagram, 156

dialect, 149–50

dialectical inquiry, 240, 241

dialogic communication, 31

digital collections, as sources, 63

digital projectors, 159

dignity, 24

directness, 142

directories, on Web, 79

direct quotation, 27, 28, 67, 94

disability, of audience members, 42

discussion, in arts and humanities courses, 271

disinformation, 78

distinguishing, 75–78

displays, methods of 159–61

distractions

listening and, 31–32

during speech delivery, 8, 237

DLP projectors, 159

documentation systems

APA, 281–84

Chicago Manual of Style, 278–80

CSE, 288–91

IEEE, 291–92

MLA, 284–88

DOI (digital object identifier), 281

domain, Web source evaluation and, 76

dress (attire)

during speeches, 153

on television, 294–95

Drori, Jonathan, 56

dyadic communication, 6

education courses, presentation speeches in, 272–74

education level, of audience, 41

ego-focused emotions, 201–2

Ehlers, Vernon, 56

either-or fallacy, 199

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, 194

electronic resources, 72–85. See also Internet

legal uses of, 171

emotions

cultural responses to, 201–2

in persuasive speech, 190–91

encoding, 7

encyclopedias, 64

engagement with audience, 142

engineering design review, 265

English language. See also language

non-native speakers of, 296–99

entertainment, speeches of, 219

enthusiasm

in online presentations, 233

in speech, 142

epiphora (epistrophe), 139

equipment, for virtual delivery, 232–33

ESL. See non-native speakers of English

ethics

business and professional, 248

in public speaking, 22–29

ethnic background, of audience, 41, 43–44

ethos, 22, 191, 192

eulogies, 222–23

evidence

in arguments, 195, 256–57

evaluation of, 33

in persuasive speech, 195, 197

evidence-based practice (EBP) presentation, 274–75

examples, 56

transitions between, 103

expert audience, 260

expertise, of speaker, 248

expert testimony, 57, 92

explanation, in informative speech, 178, 179–80

extemporaneous speaking, 144–45

extended examples, 56

eye contact

key-word outlines for, 113–14

during speeches, 143, 151

on television, 194

face-to-face (FtF) speaking, 232. See also online presentations

facial expressions, during speeches, 150–51

fact(s), 58. See also citations; documentation systems

claims of, 196

fact books, 64

fairness, of speaker, 25

fair use, 29

Creative Commons licensing for, 29

materials for PowerPoint presentation, 171

fallacies, in reasoning, 24, 199–201

faulty analogy, 136

feedback, 7

constructive and compassionate, 34

to improve speeches, 21, 298–99

feedback loop, 31

field study presentation, 263

figures of speech, 135

First Amendment, 23

Firth, Colin, 221

fixed-alternative questions, 45, 295

flip charts, 159, 160

flowcharts, 157, 158

flowing the debate, 257

fonts, for presentation aids, 162–63

footnotes, 85

in PowerPoint presentations, 171

formal debates, 257

formality, of presentational speaking, 247

forum, 4, 246–47

fragments. See sentence fragments

free speech, rights of, 23–24

frequency, statistical, 59

full-sentence transitions, 101–4

Garza, Richard, 182–83

gender

of audience, 42

stereotyping by, 42

gender-neutral language, 137–38

general-interest magazines, 63

general speech purpose, 49

gestures, during speeches, 21, 152

global opinion polls, cross-cultural surveys and, 43

goals

of group communication, 239

of leadership, 241

of team presentations, 243

Google, 72, 78

Google Docs, 164

government information

for online presentations, 235

publications, 63

graphics

in presentation aids, 264

in scientific and mathematical presentations, 264

graphs, 157, 158

groups

active participation in, 241

activity presentation to, 273

communication in, 238–47

decision making in, 240

Dewey’s six-step reflective thinking process for, 242

groupthink, 240

Handout Master (PowerPoint), 166, 169

handouts, 159, 160

hasty generalization fallacy, 200

hate speech, 25

health courses, presentation speeches in, 274–76

hierarchy of needs (Maslow), 192, 193

hostile audience, 209

humanities courses, presentation speeches in, 270–72

humor

in after-dinner speeches, 224

in introduction, 127

hypothetical example, 56

identification, with speaker, 39, 127–28

idioms, 33, 138

IEEE documentation system, 291–92

“I have a dream” speech (King), 139

imagery, 135, 267

immediacy, nonverbal, 152

impromptu speaking, 143–44

inclusive speakers, 6

income, of audience, 41

indentation, of supporting points, 98

individual debate format, 257

individualist cultures, 202

inductive reasoning, in persuasive speeches, 198

information. See also sources; specific types

critically analyzing, 74–75

defined, 75

facts and statistics as, 98, 126, 127, 197

locating supporting material, 12

new and interesting, 177

unusual, in introduction, 127

informative speeches, 10, 50, 54, 176–89

arranging points in pattern, 182–83

in arts and humanities courses, 270–71

communicating in, 178–80

reducing confusion in, 180–82

sample of, 183–89

strategies for explaining complex information, 181

subject matter of, 177, 178

Inkson, Kerr, 6

insider audience, 260

inspiration, speeches of, 219, 224–25

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. See IEEE documentation system

integrity, 24

interactive communication, public speaking as, 7–8

internal previews, as transitions, 103, 105, 177

internal summaries, 103, 105, 177

Internet. See online entries; sources; Web entries

connection for online presentations, 232

recording source information from, 85

search tools on, 78–85

sources on, 72–85

interview. See also citations; documentation systems

audience attitudes and, 45

conducting, 70–71

media, 295

oral citation for, 92

intonation, in speaking, 146

introduction, 12, 96

motivating audience with, 129

preparing, 126–30

speeches of, 220, 221

invective, 24

invention, as canon of rhetoric, 4

issues-based conflict, in group communication, 240

italics, in presentation aids, 163

Jackson, Jesse, 139

jargon, 133–34, 296

Jesus, 139

Jobs, Steve, 153

journal articles. See also magazines

on Internet, 73

key-word outline, 113–14

keyword searches, 82, 83

Kim, Krista, 183

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 139

Kruckenberg, David, 183–89

language

abstract, 135

active and passive voice in, 137–38

alliterative, 139

biased, 140

concise, 11

concrete, 135

culturally sensitive, 137–38

denotative vs. connotative meaning and, 138

figures of speech in, 135–36

gender-neutral, 137–38

imagery in, 135

lasting impression from, 138–40

repetition and, 134, 138–39

rhetorical devices and, 133

simple, 133–34

using, 133–40

words to build credibility, 136–40

language patterns, in dialects, 149–50

lavaliere microphone, 149

lay audience, 260

lay testimony, 57–58, 92

lazy speech, 148

LCD displays, 159

leadership

style of, 241

of team, 243

leading questions, 70

learning styles, appeal of informative speeches to, 181, 182

lectures, 272

library portal, finding print and online sources with, 72–75

licenses, for copyrighted works, 29

Lincoln, Abraham, 140

line graph, 157, 158

listeners. See audience; listening

listening, 30–34

active, 31

attitudes toward speaker and, 38–39

attitudes toward topic and, 37–38

cultural barriers to, 33

defensive, 32

distractions to, 31–32

feedback loop and, 31

help with, 177

learning by, 297

nonverbal cues and, 33

obstacles to, 31–33

responsible, 31

retention and, 30

literature review, in social sciences, 268, 269

loaded questions, 70

logical fallacies, 199–201

logos, 190, 192

magazines. See also journal articles

on Internet, 74

as sources, 63

main points, 11, 96–98, 101

in arts and humanities speeches, 271

as declarative sentences, 97–98

organizing, 182–83, 202–8

in parallel form, 98

preview of, 129, 220

restricting number of, 97–98

for single idea, 97–98

transitions between, 101–4

maintenance roles, in groups, 239

malapropisms, 137

manuscript, speaking from, 142–43

Maslow, Abraham, 192, 193

mass communication, 6

masters (PowerPoint), 169

mathematics courses, presentation speeches in, 263–64

Matthew (Bible), 140

McClellan, Mark B., 113

mean, statistical, 60

meaning, denotative and connotative, 138

Mease, Paige, 17

media interview, 295

median, statistical, 60

mediated communication, 294–95

meditation, for anxiety management, 18, 20

medium, 8

memory,

speaking from, 143

message, 8

customizing for audience, 38

demographics of audience and, 40–42

focusing on, 154

metaphors, 135

mixed, 136

methods/procedure presentation, 262

microphone, using, 149

Microsoft PowerPoint, 164–74. See also PowerPoint presentations

mini-lecture presentation, 272

misinformation, 75

distinguishing, 75–78

mixed audience, 260

mixed metaphors, 136

MLA documentation system, 284–88

mode, statistical, 60

model, 156

moderators

of group communications, 239

of panel discussions, 245, 246

Modern Language Association. See MLA documentation system

monologue, 31

Monroe, Alan, motivated sequence pattern by, 203–6, 207

Morris, Lee, 16

motivated sequence

pattern (Monroe), 203–6, 207

in sales presentation, 249

sample of speech, 214–19

motivation

of audience, 263

in introduction, 129, 263

in persuasive speech, 189–90

movement. See also body language

for anxiety management, 21

multimedia, 159

mumbling, 148

narrative

as organizational pattern, 111

sharing of, 57

naturalness, in speech, 142

needs, Maslow’s hierarchy of, 192, 193

need step, in motivated sequence, 204–5

negative side, in debate, 256

nesting, in keyword searches, 83

newspapers, as sources, 63

noise, 8

non-native speakers of English, tips for, 296–99

non sequitur fallacy, 200

nonverbal behavior, in team presentations, 244

nonverbal communication, 150

nonverbal cues, in listeners, 33

nonverbal delivery, 14

nonverbal immediacy, 152

Noonan, Peggy, 134

normal view (PowerPoint), 168

norms, cultural, 201, 202

notecards, for delivery cues, 121

note-taking, 66–67, 68–69

for Internet sources, 81, 85

recording references and, 72

nursing and allied health courses, presentations in, 274–76

Obama, Barack, 57, 139, 222

objectivity, of Web sites, 77

Obracay, Kristen, 15

occupations, of audience, 41

offensive speech, avoiding, 25

one-sided message, 197

online-only magazine. See also citations; documentation systems

citations for, 91

online presentations

delivery mode for, 234

planning checklist for, 237–38

platforms for, 234–37

preparation of, 232–37

unique demands of, 232

online sources. See also Internet; Web sites

from library portal, 72–75

online video. See also citations; documentation systems

citation for, 92

on-the-job audiences, preparing for, 260–61

open-ended questions, 45–46

opinion(s), of audience, 197

opinion polls, about audience attitudes, 43, 46

oral citations, 86, 90–92, 93

oral paraphrase, 28

oral scientific presentation, 261–62

oral style, 5–6

oral summary, 28

oratory, 143

history of, 3–4

organization of speech, 13, 96–105, 96–111, 144

blending patterns for, 106

causal (cause-effect), 107–8

chronological, 106

of crisis-response presentations, 252

of informative speeches, 177, 182–83

main points in, 97–98

in narrative pattern, 111

pattern for, 105–11

of persuasive speeches, 202–8

problem-solution, 108–10

of progress reports, 251–52

of proposals, 250

of sales presentations, 249

spatial, 107

of staff reports, 250–51

supporting points in, 98–99

topical, 110–11

transitions and, 101–5

unified, coherent, and balanced, 100

other-focused emotions, 202

outlines, 12–13, 112–24

key-word, 113–14

for main and supporting points, 97, 98–99

phrase, 113

sentence, 113

speaking, 112, 120–23

working, 13, 112, 114–19

overhead transparency, 159–60

paid listings (sponsored links), 82

pandering, 40

panel discussions, 245–46

parable, 57

parallel form, 98

parallelism, 98, 139–40

paraphrase. See also citations; documentation systems

citations for, 27–28, 94

notes for, 67

oral, 28

Parrish, Mary, 16

participation, in groups, 241

participative leaders, 241

passive voice, 137

pathos, 190, 192

pattern

of speech, 144

for speech organization, 13, 182–83

pauses, in speaking, 147

percentages, statistical, 59

performance anxiety, 17. See also anxiety

periodicals, as sources, 63

peripheral processing, by audience, 194

personal experiences, in speeches, 12

personal interview, oral citation style of, 92

personal pronouns, 134

person-based conflict, in group communications, 240

persuasive speech, 10, 50, 54, 189–219

arguments in, 195–201

credibility in, 191–92

culture and, 201–2

evidence in, 197

listener needs in, 192, 193

mental engagement in, 194–95

motivation in, 189–90, 194

organization of, 202–8

problem-cause-solution sample of, 203, 209–14

reason and emotion in, 190–91

refutation pattern in, 207–8

sound arguments in, 195–201

in technical presentations, 265–67

phrase outline, 113

phrases, 134

transitional, 104

pictograms, 157, 158

pictures, 156–57, 169

pie graph, 157, 158

pitch, vocal, 146

plagiarism, 26

avoiding, 85

planning, of speech, 153–54

podcast, 235

poetry, collections of, 65

policy, claims of, 196, 202

policy recommendation report, 269

political affiliation, of audience, 42

Poplin, Stephanie, 214–19

positive attitude, anxiety and, 18

poster presentation, 160, 258–60

posters, 156, 159, 160

posture, during speeches, 152

PowerPoint presentations, 164–74

avoiding technical glitches in, 172–73

commands for running, 174

entering and editing text, 169

Help menu, 171

inserting objects into slides, 169–70

masters, 169

presentation options, 159–60

“Record Narration” feature and, 236

slide layouts, 168

transition and animation effects, 169

venue for, 172–73

view options, 168

practice, 13–14, 121, 153–54. See also rehearsal

preexisting knowledge, of audience, 197

premises, cultural, 201

preparation, for online presentations, 232–33

preparation anxiety, 17

preparation outline, 110

pre-performance anxiety, 17

pre-preparation anxiety, 16

presentation aids, 13, 156–74

crediting sources in, 93

designing, 161–64

PowerPoint and, 164–74

in scientific and mathematical presentations, 264

for team presentations, 244

in technical presentations, 266

types of, 156–61

presentational speaking, 247, 255–61

presentations. See online presentations; presentation aids; presentation speeches

presentation speeches, 221–22. See also presentation aids

in arts and humanities courses, 270–72

in business and professional situations, 247–53

compare and contrast, 271

debates as, 256–58

in education courses, 272–74

in group settings, 238–42

in nursing and allied health courses, 274–76

poster sessions as, 258–59

program evaluation presentation, 269

review of academic articles as, 255

in science and mathematics courses, 261–64

in social science courses, 267–70

team presentations as, 243–47

in technical courses, 265–67

previews

of main points, 129

of topic and purpose, 128

as transitions, 103, 105

preview statement, 105

Prezi, 164

primacy effect, 97

primary sources, 62, 70–71

print articles. See also citations; documentation systems

oral citation of, 91

print sources, from library portal, 72–75

problem-cause-solution pattern, 203, 249

sample speech, 209–14

problem-solution pattern, 108–10, 202–3, 249

professional situations, presentations in, 247–53

program evaluation program, 269

progress reports, in businesses, 251–52

projectors, 159–60

pronouns

gender and, 138

personal, 134

pronunciation, 148, 298

propaganda, 75

distinguishing, 75–78

proposals

in businesses, 249–50

quality improvement, 275

props, 156

prototype, 265

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. See APA documentation system

public discourse, positive, 24

public domain, 29

public forum, 4

public speaking. See also anxiety; speech(es)

defined, 7

ethical, 22–29

steps in process of, 9

published sources, about audience attitudes, 46

purpose of speech, 49–50

general, 49

main points and, 96–97

preview in introduction, 128

reiterating in conclusion, 130

specific, 10, 51

quality improvement proposal, 275

question-and-answer sessions, 292–93

questionnaire, for audience members, 45

questions

in interviews, 70–71

in introduction, 127

quotation marks, in keyword searches, 83

quotations. See also citations; documentation systems

books of, 65

citations for, 27–28, 81–82, 94

direct, 27, 28, 67

in introduction, 127

radio

oral citations of programs, 92

speaking on, 295

rate of speaking, 147

real-time presentations, 234

reason

in argument, 190–91

in persuasive speech, 190–91

reasoning

by analogy, 198

in arguments, 257

causal, 198–99

deductive and inductive, 198–99

evaluation of, 34

fallacies in, 24, 199–201

in persuasive speeches, 198–99

receiver, 7

reckless disregard for truth, 24

recorded presentations, 234

red herring fallacy, 200

refereed journals, as sources, 63

reference works, 64–65

oral citation of, 91

recording, 72

reflective thinking, Dewey’s six-step method of, 242

refutation

in debate, 257

as organizational pattern, 207–8

rehearsal, of team presentations, 244–45

relaxation response, 19–20

reliability

of sources, 87, 88–89

of statistics, 60

religion, of audience, 42

repetition, 134

for rhythm, 138–39

reports. See specific types

request for funding presentation, 266

research. See also Internet; sources

evaluating needs for, 61

Internet, 62

presentation on theoretical, 268, 269

primary, 62, 70–71

qualitative, 267

quantitative, 267

secondary, 62–70

research overview presentation, 262–63

research presentation, 261–62

resolution, in debate, 256

respect, for audience, 25

responsibility

of listener, 31

of speaker, 25

restate-forecast transition, 101–3

review

of academic articles, 255

of social sciences literature, 268

rhetoric (oratory)

canons of, 4

history of, 3–4

rhetorical devices, 133

rhetorical questions

in introduction, 127

transitions as, 103, 104

rhetorical situation, 8

rhythm, repetition for, 138–39

rights, of free speech, 23–24

roast, as speech, 222

roles

in group communications, 239

in team presentations, 243

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 135

Roth, Lisa, 209, 210–14

rough outline, 110

Rowling, J. K., sample commencement address by, 225–30

rules of engagement, for public discourse, 3, 24

Runyon, Marvin, 128

Safire, William, 127

sales presentation (sales pitch), 248–50

Sanford, Jenna, 20

sans serif typefaces, 162, 163

satisfaction step, in motivated sequence, 205

scale questions, 45, 295

scanning, 151

science courses, presentation speeches in, 261–64

scientific talk, 261

screencast, 235

scriptwriting, 32

search engines, 72–73, 78, 79–82

searches, smart, 82–85

search tools, 78–85

secondary sources, 62–70

selective perception, 30

sentence fragments, 134

sentence outline, 113

serif typefaces, 162, 163

service learning presentation, 259–60

SES. See socioeconomic status

setting, of speech, 46

shared meaning, 8

shift report, in nursing and allied health courses, 276

“Shock Jock” syndrome, 137

signposts, 104

simile, 135

Simon, Herbert, 208–9

simple language, 133–34

six-by-six rule, of visual design, 161

skills, public speaking as, 2, 4–6

Slide Master (PowerPoint), 169

SlideRocket, 164

slides (PowerPoint), 168

slippery slope fallacy, 200

small group communication, 6, 238

smart searches, 82–85

social agenda, speeches that set, 219

social news sites, 70

social phenomena, explanations of, 269

social science courses, presentation speeches in, 267–70

socioeconomic status (SES), of audience, 41

software

digital audio recording, 235–36

multimedia, 159

PowerPoint, 164–74

sound, in PowerPoint presentation, 170–71

sound arguments, constructing, 195–201

source (sender), 7

sources. See also citations; documentation systems; information; research

audience perception of, 87

citing, 61, 67, 69, 81, 85–94

crediting, 26–28

delivery in speech, 90

establishing trustworthiness of, 86–87

evaluating, 71–72

on Internet, 72–85

locating supporting material, 55–61

overview with sample oral citations, 90–92, 93

primary, 62, 70–71

print and online, 90–92

qualifiers of, 87

recording and citing, 66–69, 80–81

reliability of, 87, 88–89

secondary, 62–70

spatial pattern of arrangement, 107, 266

speaker

audience’s feelings toward, 38–39

credibility of, 22, 128–29, 130, 191–92

expertise of, 197, 248

speaking outline, 13, 112, 120–21

sample, 121–23

steps in creating, 120, 124

speaking rate, 147

special occasion speeches, 10, 50, 219–31

of acceptance, 221

after-dinner, 223–24

to celebrate, 219

to commemorate, 219

to entertain, 219

eulogies and other tributes, 222–23

to inspire, 219, 224–25

of introduction, 220, 221

of presentation, 221–22

roast as, 222

sample commencement address, 225–30

to set social agendas, 219

toast as, 222

specific speech purpose, 51

speech(es). See also citations; documentation systems

canons of rhetoric as parts of, 4

delivery practice for, 153–54

informative, 176–89

major parts of, 12

online, 65

organizing, 96–111

outlining of, 12–13, 112–24

overview of, 9–14

persuasive, 189–219

practice of, 13–14, 121, 153–54

presentational, 247

purpose of, 10, 49–50

signaling end of, 130–31

source citation in, 61, 69, 81

special occasion, 219–31

topic of, 47–48

speech anxiety. See anxiety

speech points

in narrative organizational pattern, 111

organization of, 99

in problem-solution pattern, 108–10

in spatial pattern, 107

in topical pattern of arrangement, 110–11