Chapter 1. Do speed daters Become pickier the later it gets?

Introduction

Chapter 12
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You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.
Non-experimental Design
A design in which there is no control or manipulation of the variables. This design does not seek to establish cause and effect and instead focuses on describing or summarizing what takes place.
Experimental Design
A design in which the experimenter controls and manipulates the independent variable and makes comparisons between the different levels, allowing the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between the independent and dependent variables.
Independent Variable (IV)
The variable that influences the dependent variable. In experiments the researcher manipulates or controls this variable.
Dependent Variable (DV)
The variable measured in association with changes in the independent variable; the outcome or effect.
Between-subjects Design
A data collection method in which each participant or subject is only assessed on the dependent variable once.
Within-subjects Design
A data collection method in which each participant or subject is assessed on the dependent variable more than once.
Repeated-measures Design
A design where participants are exposed to each level of the independent variable and are measured on the dependent variable after each level.
Factorial Design
An experimental design that has more than one independent variable, which are all between-subjects.
Mixed Design
An experimental design that combines within-subjects and between-subjects methods of data collection.
Experimental Realism
The degree to which a study participant becomes engrossed in the manipulation and truly influenced by it.
Mundane Realism
The degree to which a study parallels everyday situations in the real world.
Reliability
The stability or consistency of a measure.
Validity
The degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure.
Sensitivity
The range of data a researcher can gather from a particular instrument.
Main Effect Hypothesis
A prediction that focuses on one independent variable at a time, ignoring all other independent variables.
Interaction Effect Hypothesis
A prediction about how the levels of one independent variable will combine with another independent variable to impact the dependent variable in a way that extends beyond the sum of the two separate main effects.
IRB
A board that reviews the ethical merit of all the human research conducted within an institution.
Descriptive
Describes what is happening.
Inferential
Tests a specific prediction about why something occurs.

Mixed Design

This activity asks you to create a design to test the impact of gender and time on perceived attractiveness. Within your design, you will investigate the combined effect of a between-subjects variable and a within-subjects variable on another variable.

Something to Think About…

Scenario: Dating has changed drastically over the years, from chaperoned visits with family members to computerized matchmaking on dating Web sites. Speed dating, in particular, has exploded in popularity since its creation in 1998, when a rabbi started this event in a Los Angeles coffee shop as a way for busy adults to meet many potential partners in a short period of time. Though the effectiveness of speed dating for finding long-term mates is questionable, it does present us with an interesting opportunity in today’s fast-paced world.

Something to Think About…

We might wonder how exposure to so many potential partners, whether good or bad, might change how we perceive individuals as the night progresses. Similar to the “beer goggle effect,” where, the more alcohol we drink, the more likely we are to view people as attractive, is it possible that we become less picky or rate individuals as more attractive as the night goes on? Could fear of not finding a match at the end of the night make us judge those we meet as more attractive than we normally would?

Our Research Question

Question 1.1

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3
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Picking the Best Design

Now that you have a research question (“How do gender and time of rating during a speed-dating event influence perceived attractiveness?”), you must decide which type of research design will best answer your research question. To narrow things down, consider the following:

  • Non-experimental Design

  • Experimental Design

Question 1.2

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2
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Picking the Best Design

Having decided that your research question requires a comparison between groups, you must determine the best comparison to make. However, keep in mind that there are multiple comparisons to be made: between genders and times of rating.

Question 1.3

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3
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Picking the Best Design

Question 1.4

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Picking the Best Design

Now that you have selected an experimental design that compares males’ and females’ ratings of perceived attractiveness at early, middle, and late points in the speed-dating event, you can identify your independent and dependent variables.

  • Independent Variable (IV)

  • Dependent Variable (DV)

Question 1.5

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3
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Picking the Best Design

Question 1.6

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3
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Picking the Best Design

In this study, participants can only be in 1 of the 2 groups for gender; they are either male or female. Thus, gender is a between-subjects variable.

  • Between-subjects Design

However, time of rating is being measured as how the participants’ ratings change over time. This means each participant gives 3 ratings, early, midway, and late in the speed-dating event. Time of rating is a within-subjects variable.

  • Within-subjects Design

Picking the Best Design

With the research question (“How do gender and time of rating during a speed-dating event influence perceived attractiveness?”), comparisons, and types of variables in mind, consider the following designs:

  • Repeated-measures Design

  • Factorial Design

  • Mixed Design

Question 1.7

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3
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Picking the Best Design

You have developed an experiment with 2 independent variables (gender and time of rating) and 1 dependent variable (perceived attractiveness). Because we have 1 between-subjects variable (gender) and 1 within-subjects variable (time of rating), we have a mixed design.

  • Mixed Design

Question 1.8

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3
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Operationally Defining the Independent Variables

Next, we need to operationally define our independent variables. The first independent variable (IV), gender, is simply the gender of the participant, with the 2 groups being males and females. We will operationally define the second independent variable (IV), time of rating, by determining exactly how we will manipulate it. As we do, we’ll want to be sure our study has a high level of experimental and mundane realism.

  • Experimental Realism

  • Mundane Realism

Question 1.9

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
3
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Operationally Defining the Independent Variables

The task that is highest in experimental and mundane realism is participants rating the level of attractiveness of individuals they have been exposed to up to certain points early, midway, and late in the speed-dating event. Since we have 1 between-subjects variable (gender) and 1 within-subjects variable (time of rating), we will be measuring males at each of the 3 times and females at each of the 3 times.

Question 1.10

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3
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Operationally Defining the Independent Variables

We have decided to compare individuals early, midway, and late in a speed-dating event. Since these events typically last about 2 hours, we will use this length for our study. Each participant will meet with a potential date for 5 minutes before rotating to the next person. At the times of the ratings, we will ask participants to rate the perceived attractiveness of the dates they have met thus far. However, before proceeding, we need to clarify exactly when the ratings will occur.

Question 1.11

mNEXzJOXmowP1i2iKe3DRR4xqS3yM/++X3a3hRdVLg3MDqc8JHCdyUWSs9Xp1yCLNUlpFTOXpjbxrEG9fP9PCw5NOsqzG1iI5sSzD6H3IDgQOXqueDW1BFH5q9enBP9xfcFu5ftZV+0ifrJSInbfBQWsUGogQu4l/flMqMHYc2ttMWFCwYkIgpq7hHogLapB1ZnCOfcBQodXDUb0qJL9DOpVpqa/BPNc+lrsXwb6u0pzW35crzGtdhDlrvY6dPRH5GpgYyArSxWtaViKbIAqAZJy1W3gF7p7S6Y8uI1X58wqSWnSyutVRhwtGcmTEke41QpdEqNbDDJlr2ZKA8OWagveopFIyZAGP296y8Rjng5zk2xJ+sRiN44raPz8bKDn1PnLlakNbXZiKDYVO0f26ugFJZxteo87Xv99ZUD1lzeBDg3gEzX3clR/8Ev8g89FomT521pInY1768SFMP90sXeRrX2pf98jumjmOc/5FFtY0wrmtxIea9QvkNsOBVZrflyQB+47NcvrPtlBHaFN1H8v0dzgeng6kcbTBTwOm9a4DNs7w+1tfIkBdBmK5aNaagbTUMyOU07V97hMHfq0lI9UmDSHzUE9oC4sYGE7wUojtW4omytZNPy6dhztJVXkSHn66O3rlP2uXT2MtqlZUBhVGexixfMmh93Kay2fRHV8YqZ3bC1fIt7I3D+79Y6pnu6uxUEOsHbOULXXRw9IHUztAaRWQQhyNpsII9KlXIfAWv1ov7iOr5H0qZ5of+FCFr50RYoRuGXY6nvxjhwsxrsGnpY5H8yoMR3mrXwaCVlAXXQr4+lrylkCTpt0deyQMzExqMmCyMm8W+VtItstLh22052+XCHO11ly8bX7hl/iVworc905mi3TXHxJ/CH1C4B5lnSwsSKMKXeeEezTi00O8AgCDHWeqzlKy2NjQ5gEYIyYabMjbGZ+9tQ0qWDO1u7voGgEp8YY/Wg8cgUihm+S16Jnu98XOjea+aVjuu+fTn3qqFTTyqqawhgaf9nLonz2vl+dz21wCs/TW8UN8I0TQlg/eHbIDjYnidjp8yGLtN8Mx33hEf5L8ekf7+ufcOU8ON8UN2Ki8tYfxUmsIaOtKZBGSiFIWJWkn/V6ThqPhN7/TazoFfwJSNIm+0Uq5MO5W/p1/kRX1CwG9DxV+uSMlJ0vb4jro/eRU3ePe14PsIkM848JBDy1Sk2g0C1ib/mJZeRJLthv08domNepdViOHWM5m/h5XVRlUz/mTZ+D2qtojW+Ob6owTQKaUfrYaWGKu5WVwJUmy2NEOMqAC9iI10HP9knVmEbBcyQ51R1on4hODyjVFl5bAenqjL5pOXI5ZtFSuWulTeTc+ISZNHxi/tgp97hMvYj0mNp2r7fGLD1EPGoHZmpd8SY0fBMzxloCsv14bZMjVUNjpl+qcUG/uEm1oxtor/N8mHtW/F0BTLdYki3hnTrt37kO+G0ZAzn4fyaPMWcKK/zn2dN/lWD2immzdtQVWWqYQxi8A7jMx4sBi3VTQW6RzIU9R3l2m3elfSUGKZeNOMlxXY3zZeEqtaS2ctdB+1HHOVvXCPjpxyGwgpjmX7Bcrva8ChTYwMMf5udxVUA24MwO2HUGWaL/0JyUV/HijC4kzG4ytDivcNcdFR5G2wRyL71S6Ww4CuOMYcFihT3j1Zz7Vj2xWO4fIDPaaamo6KypTEXeB2Bir4rF2/ETxywDbpTbvghBFt1pDg==
3
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Operationally Defining the Independent Variable

The following table illustrates the 6 combinations in our 2 x 3 mixed design, where each person will be assigned to 1 of the gender conditions and all 3 of the time of rating conditions:

  • A: Males + Early

  • B: Males + Middle

  • C: Males + Late

  • D: Females + Early

  • E: Females + Middle

  • F: Females + Late

Summary of Our Factorial Study
Time Rating(Whithin-subject)
Early Middle Late
Gender
(Between-subject)
Males A B С
Females D E F

Operationally Defining the Independent Variables

You have now established the key comparisons between the various conditions created by the 2 independent variables. Next, we need to specify the exact nature of our dependent variable, perceived attractiveness. First, consider the following:

Question 1.12

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3
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Choosing the Best Measure

We know we want to use a self-report measure to measure perceived attractiveness. Now it is time to determine which type of self-report measure to use. Keep in mind how many and what types of questions, reliability, validity, and sensitivity would be appropriate for our study.

  • Reliability

  • Validity

  • Sensitivity

Question 1.13

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3
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Determining Your Hypotheses

Now that you have determined what you will manipulate and measure, you must formulate an experimental hypothesis. Because we have multiple independent variables, we will also need multiple hypotheses: main effect hypotheses and interaction effect hypotheses.

  • Main Effect Hypothesis

  • Interaction Effect Hypothesis

Question 1.14

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
3
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Determining Your Hypotheses

Question 1.15

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
3
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Determining Your Hypotheses

Now that we have our main effect hypotheses, we must create the interaction effect hypothesis.

Question 1.16

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
3
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Finding a Sample

Before you can conduct your experiment, you need to determine exactly whom you want to study and where you can find this target sample.

Question 1.17

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
3
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Submitting to the IRB

Now that you have determined how you will collect your data and your intended sample, you must submit your research procedure to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for ethical approval. The IRB or ethics board will determine whether or not your study meets all ethical guidelines.

  • IRB

Each IRB has its own protocol which conforms to the national standard when a researcher submits an application for proposed research to be reviewed. In addition to the appropriate paperwork and other information submitted to the IRB, the board would consider the following description during their evaluation of your proposed experiment:

  • The purpose of this research is to determine whether there is an interaction effect of gender (males or females) and time of rating (early, middle, or late) on perceived attractiveness. To study this topic, participants who are registered for a local speed-dating event will be told upon arrival that a study is being conducted on the attractiveness of individuals who participate in speed-dating events. Participants will be asked to rate the attractiveness of the daters they have met thus far 15 minutes after the event starts (early), 1 hour after (middle), and at the end of the 2-hour event (late).Participants will be debriefed at the end of the event regarding the true nature of the study.

Submitting to the IRB

The IRB reviewed your submission and has 1 concern. Although the study appears to present less than minimal risk to participants, there is no mention of informed consent and voluntary participation.

You must now determine how to respond to the IRB, keeping in mind the ethics of respect for persons and autonomy.

Question 1.18

AgGRQxWz2unwV2qiXk+saTdruZ37x20+ImkjnrudxcqENlz0BgiazLPHNv6EZoYZZMx545YQsggoXJkzh7NevsiRSsQBfMro/35Do0+HnnS6jkliTgGCBPj5IVbvFkJJlr9LyUFRXtbqVTAimbLxyeqJvZPnQGZAZ4UmjMQf7ps57Vw+Ll6GZnKouKZWe4qG85skwMjoaY4S/fIwYLRPbgg+6O7c6ldG5/Czf6ikEnuN4L4Os2+TaFs7frcYSQxBU2XpAJV+csGDJggeYUWjRE4VzTr/zeKv6i6J9dY6rjbBB6lZDXL9TIb/XaOVhsVJFCEbKK4TQ03de4Ec4k31mBwM1VOzR7k7X7Ch0TX1MdgZVNxlhpYQqiA7bIQPvGufSteeqm0vzK4Iu31bwDWUEw0TROtD6nOuBd/7PdlkYy0Tc4FXGh6sfUQfja1ie/DLsDj2tUpZvOKVw1fAIdjxjRvQfsaeVosDYDpZZW/QaL1UOWXbYE52zTfTqMxLzs9Sm1Gf0WFt0YQvtx9XzOK91sYRLET7ayO1TNvU2H0HxUW1IwM9xaQlB6OUoTWLsaDsy39LlzDf7S37ywQvixgNQY/HcIyqKYywMTJwlyvBTLWUaxYGwoY1IVusq1GnYmYtfz6C47GBA8s7HrfelnYZYZw4W/fK/ucEFXfuu0WSRRb/BcYMlRHirSafyJKa0atRllroTCwPQPhxkCUylR522bSWcylj+lfxlJwZuPnSpxrcVxtr1yQHKJ8eWY7MqVbw5vhQ2EjsXJhiSue1CCj4lSr8apLrHDO0lJy+l0xP38y86JK62uN823Iro9NSFHKvytPx9bAFyYVBsuXlE25K7rdpIEFnDasUQCq8oaP4jFfKTDeaLxnfwR/wnDgT99I8/eFTTO7jTOdSYYaGgUfm8xmPIy0jeB1y9JeQKSCqij06dLh7XCfrnFlCyVfMNln24NXguZNhGNQ0hhkJQkcvj+EYgeNH/kSbY2gqTKJo2CtWTctSPwfLTLrlH7yZZ7gCVldOZ64E97p00WJ6icO0kn9zO65/BzaTTfPLIS3V3iEqayOgp5/7giExn+zZ2qgZssmrkCSeJCPjekeSY3v7tcKyH0Xe3xJTgfbCdoNpIiRdnr7qvv09hV7zMI6Ys9G6Pm2dAG1CPlO2XrqF8d9gzPeQTq89G8GOegHIW5oXLQO6yKEU5+2p+6mxPhEz4y/HH81/UolQgMvF6HppdQf8iw==
3
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Running the Study

chapter_10_multiple_choice

Now that we have secured the IRB’s approval, we should determine what the entire study will look like. Below are the steps of the study; can you place them in the proper order?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Participants rate the attractiveness of others 15 minutes after the event starts.
Obtain informed consent.
Participants rate the attractiveness of others 2 hours after the event starts
Participants’ genders are recorded, and the speed-dating event starts.
Participants rate the attractiveness of others 1 hour after the event starts.
Debrief the participants.

Collecting Data

Now that you have a sense of how to conduct this study, it is time to see what data from this study might look like.

If you were to run a full version of this study, you would want to have at least 30 participants in each between-subjects group (males and females). Because you have a within-subjects design, each participant will be exposed to all levels of the time of rating independent variable. Thus, we need 60 participants for our study.

Example Data Set

This is an example of what your data set would look like. The top row shows the variable names; the other rows display the data for 10 participants.

In the “Gender” column, a 1 = Male, and a 2 = Female. The ratings of attractiveness recorded after 15 minutes into the speed-dating event are located under “Early,” after 1 hour under “Middle,” and after 2 hours under “Late.” Ratings range from 1(very unattractive) to 10 (highly attractive).

Participant Gender Early Maddle Late
101 1 6 5 7
102 1 5 5 8
103 1 6 6 9
104 1 4 6 9
105 1 6 7 7
131 2 5 5 7
132 2 5 6 7
133 2 5 5 7
134 2 5 6 6
135 2 5 5 7

Selecting the Proper Tool

Now that you have collected your data, you must decide the best way to summarize your findings. The decisions you made about how to collect your data dictate the statistics you can use with your data now. First, you need to consider if your study is descriptive or inferential.

  • Descriptive

  • Inferential

Question 1.19

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
2
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Tutorial: Evaluating Output

chapter_12_table_activity

The following is an example of output for another mixed design ANOVA where participants experienced only multiple conditions This study was about how hours slept at night (6 hours, 8 hours, and 10 hours) and gender (male or female) influence self-reported happiness. In this study, we recorded happiness after each night of sleep for each participant; thus, hours slept is a within-subjects variable and gender is a between-subjects variable.

F (#,#) = #.##, p = .##, eta2 = .##.

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
sleep Sphericity Assumed 41.344 2 20.672 96.090 .000 .624
Greenhouse-Geisser 41.344 1.855 22.284 96.090 .000 .624
Huynh-Feldt 41.344 1.947 21.233 96.090 .000 .624
Huynh-Feldt 41.344 1.947 21.233 96.090 .000 .624
Lower-bound 41.344 1.000 41.344 96.090 .000 .624
sleep * Gender Sphericity Assumed 1.033 2 .517 2.402 .095 .040
Huynh-Feldt 1.033 1.947 .531 2.402 .097 .040
Lower-bound 1.033 1.000 1.033 2.402 .127 .040
Error(sleep) Sphericity Assumed 24.956 116 .215 .
Greenhouse-Geisser 24.956 107.611 .232
Huynh-Feldt 24.956 112.934 .221
Lower-bound 24.956 58.000 .430
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
Intercept 2006.672 1 20.672 6143.595 .000 .991
Greenhouse-Geisser 48.050 1 48.050 147.109 .000 .717
Error 18.944 58 .327

This is the df or degrees of freedom. An ANOVA has 3 dfs, 1 for the within-subjects main effect, 1 for the between-subjects main effect, and 1 for the interaction main effect.

These are the F F statistics, 1 for each main effect and 1 for the interaction. It represents the size of the difference between condition means compared to the size of the residual error.

This is the p level, or the significance level. It represents the probability or likelihood that the results happened by chance. The lower the p level, the less likely the results happened by chance.

The F and p level will only tell you whether there is a significant difference. To determine which means are different, and the nature or direction of those differences, you need to look at the means via a post-hoc test when you are comparing more than 2 means.

Since there are only 2 levels for gender, we do not need to conduct a post-hoc test for this effect.

The eta squared (eta2 ) is the effect size. It tells us the proportion of change in the dependent variable that is associated with being in the different groups of the independent variable or the interaction of the independent variables.

Tutorial: Evaluating Output

To report these numbers in a results section, put the numbers in as follows:

F (#,#) = #.##, p = .##, eta2 = .##.

Pairwise Comparisons
Measure: MEASURE_1
(I) sleep (J) sleep Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.b 95% Confidence Interval for Differenceb
Lower Bound Upper Bound
1 2 -1.017* .076 .000 -1.204 -.829
3 .000 .095 1.000 -.235 .235
2 1 1.017* .076 .000 .829 1.204
3 1.017* .081 .000 .816 1.217
3 1 .000 .095 1.000 -.235 .235
2 -1.017* .081 .000 -1.217 -.8168
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.

Tutorial: Evaluating Output

F (#,#) = #.##, p = .##, eta2 = .##.

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
sleep Sphericity Assumed 41.344 2 20.672 96.090 .000 .624
Greenhouse-Geisser 41.344 1.855 22.284 96.090 .000 .624
Huynh-Feldt 41.344 1.947 21.233 96.090 .000 .624
Huynh-Feldt 41.344 1.947 21.233 96.090 .000 .624
Lower-bound 41.344 1.000 41.344 96.090 .000 .624
sleep * Gender Sphericity Assumed 1.033 2 .517 2.402 .095 .040
Huynh-Feldt 1.033 1.947 .531 2.402 .097 .040
Lower-bound 1.033 1.000 1.033 2.402 .127 .040
Error(sleep) Sphericity Assumed 24.956 116 .215 .
Greenhouse-Geisser 24.956 107.611 .232
Huynh-Feldt 24.956 112.934 .221
Lower-bound 24.956 58.000 .430
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
Intercept 2006.672 1 20.672 6143.595 .000 .991
Gender 48.050 1 48.050 147.109 .000 .717
Error 18.944 58 .327

This is the df or degrees of freedom. An ANOVA has 3 dfs, 1 for the within-subjects main effect, 1 for the between-subjects main effect, and 1 for the interaction main effect.

These are the F F statistics, 1 for each main effect and 1 for the interaction. It represents the size of the difference between condition means compared to the size of the residual error.

This is the p level, or the significance level. It represents the probability or likelihood that the results happened by chance. The lower the p level, the less likely the results happened by chance.

The F and p level will only tell you whether there is a significant difference. To determine which means are different, and the nature or direction of those differences, you need to look at the means via a post-hoc test when you are comparing more than 2 means.

Since there are only 2 levels for gender, we do not need to conduct a post-hoc test for this effect.

The eta squared (eta2 ) is the effect size. It tells us the proportion of change in the dependent variable that is associated with being in the different groups of the independent variable or the interaction of the independent variables.

Selecting the Proper Tool

Below is the output from your study:

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
sleep Sphericity Assumed 196.078 2 98.039 199.130 .000 .774
Greenhouse-Geisser 196.078 2.000 98.042 199.130 .000 .774
Huynh-Feldt 196.078 2.000 98.039 199.130 .000 .774
Lower-bound 196.078 2.000 41.344 96.090 .000 .624
sleep * Gender Sphericity Assumed 8.811 2 4.406 8.948 .000 .134
Greenhouse-Geisser 8.811 2.000 4.406 8.948 .000 .134
Huynh-Feldt 8.811 2.000 4.406 8.948 .000 .134
Lower-bound 8.811 1.000 8.811 8.948 .000 .134
Error(sleep) Sphericity Assumed 57.111 116 .482
Greenhouse-Geisser 57.111 115.997 .482
Huynh-Feldt 57.111 116.000 .482
Lower-bound 57.111 58.000 .985

Tutorial: Evaluating Output

Below is the output from your study:

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared
Intersept 6528.089 1 6528.089 16936.692 .000 .997
Gender 35.556 1 35.556 92.247 .000 .614
Error 22.356 58 .385

Tutorial: Evaluating Output

To report these numbers in a results section, put the numbers in as follows:

Descriptive Statistics
Measure: MEASURE_1
Source Gender Meam Std. Deviation N
Six Male 5.03 .850 30
Famale 4.57 .504 30
Total 4.80 .732 60
Eight Male 6.27 .691 30
Famale 5.57 .504 30
Total 5.92 .696 60
Ten Male 8.10 .885 30
Famale 6.60 .498 30
Total 7.35 1.039 60
Descriptive Statistics
Measure: MEASURE_1
Gender Meam Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Difference
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Male 6.467 .065 6.336 6.598
Female 5.578 .065 5.477 5.709

Tutorial: Evaluating Output

Based on the results of your statistical analyses, match the correct number in the “Answer” column to the term requested under “Prompt”:

Prompt Ansver
F for the ANOVA test - main effect of gender 92.247
p for the ANOVA test - main effect of gender 0.000
F for the ANOVA test - main effect of time of raiting 199.13
p for the ANOVA test - main effect of time of raiting 0.000
F for the ANOVA test - interaction effect 8.948
p for the ANOVA test - interaction effect 0.000
eta2 - main effect of gender 0.614
eta2 - main effect of time of raiting 0.774
eta2 - interaction effect 0.134

Activity: Graphing Results

Based on the results of your statistical analyses, match the correct number in the “Answer” column to the term requested under “Prompt”:

Descriptive Statistics
Measure: MEASURE_1
Source Gender Meam Std. Deviation N
Six Male 5.03 .850 30
Famale 4.57 .504 30
Total 4.80 .732 60
Eight Male 6.27 .691 30
Famale 5.57 .504 30
Total 5.92 .696 60
Ten Male 8.10 .885 30
Famale 6.60 .498 30
Total 7.35 1.039 60

Your Turn: Results

Now that you have worked with your data, you must determine the best way to express your findings in written form. You must be sure that how you describe your findings accurately represents the data.

Question 1.20

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4
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Take Home Message

Now that you have determined how to express your findings in a scientifically responsible way, you also need to be able to talk about what your findings mean in everyday terms so that the world can benefit from your science.

Question 1.21

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3
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.

Congratulations! You have successfully completed this activity.

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