Figure 10.3 Breeding benefits in a lek . Among displaying ruff males, those displaying to females in larger groups (a) are more likely to attract females and (b) have a higher probability of successfully copulating.

Data from J. Högland, R. Montgomerie, and F. Widemo, Costs and consequences of variation in the size of ruff leks, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32 (1993): 31–39.