Figure 11.14 The effects of manipulated corridors on dispersal. Compared to unconnected patches that were either winged or rectangular in shape, patches connected by a habitat corridor experienced (a) a higher number of recaptured butterflies, (b) greater pollination of plants, leading to more fruits per flower, and (c) greater seed dispersal by birds. Error bars are standard errors.

Data from J. J. Tewksbury et al., Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99 (2002): 12923–12926.