Figure 12.13 Positive and negative density dependence in herring. The highest population growth is measured as a ratio between the number of young fish and the number of adult fish. The highest growth rate of the population occurs at intermediate densities. At higher densities, there is negative density dependence. At lower densities, there is positive density dependence.

Data from R. A. Myers et al., Population dynamics of exploited fish stocks at low population levels, Science 269 (1995): 1106–1108.