Figure 14.17 Structural defenses. In the crucian carp, individuals living with predatory fish develop a deep, hump-shaped body that allows the carp to escape predation. These predator-induced fish have (a) greater muscle mass, which allows (b) greater acceleration while swimming away from predators. Error bars are standard errors.

Data from P. Domenici et al., Predator-induced morphology enhances escape locomotion in crucian carp, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 (2008): 195–201.