Figure 14.21 Costly chemical defenses in ladybugs. In male ladybugs, individuals given a high amount of food produced (a) a higher concentration of carotenoids that make the ladybug’s body more intensely red, and (b) a greater amount of defensive alkaloid chemicals. Error bars are standard errors.

Data from J. D. Blount et al., How the ladybird got its spots: Effects of resource limitation on the honesty of aposematic signals, Functional Ecology 26 (2012): 334–342.