Figure 16.12 Altering competition with predators. In the absence of predatory newts, the spadefoot toads and southern toads survive well because they are superior competitors. With the addition of predatory newts, the survival of the two toad species decreases while the survival of the spring peepers increases. Error bars are standard errors.
Data from P. J. Morin, Predatory salamanders reverse the outcome of competition among three species of anuran tadpoles, Science 212 (1981): 1284–1286.