Figure 2.12 Effect of salt concentration on amphibians. (a) Based on a sample of ponds in the Adirondack Mountains of New York state, ponds closer to roads had higher conductivity, a measure of salt concentration. (b) At this range of salt concentrations, spotted salamanders and wood frogs experienced a decline in survival. The data displayed are means ± standard deviation.

Data from: N. E. Karraker et al., Impacts of road deicing salt on the demography of vernal pool-breeding amphibians, Ecological Applications 18 (2008): 724–734.