1. Compare and contrast the costs and benefits associated with sexual versus asexual reproduction.

2. How does the Red Queen hypothesis help us understand the fitness benefits of sexual reproduction?

3. When the fitness increment of increased male function results in a larger cost in fitness through female function, why should a population evolve separate sexes rather than hermaphrodites?

4. Given that self-fertilization leads to inbreeding depression, under what conditions should a hermaphrodite use self-fertilization?

5. When a population is composed of two sexes, why does the rarer sex have a fitness advantage?

6. How does local mate competition favor the production of female-biased sex ratios in offspring?

7. Explain how environmental sex determination can be an adaptive strategy.

8. Compare and contrast monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, and promiscuity.

9. Explain how extra-pair copulation has favored the evolution of mate guarding.

10. Why might exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics in males demonstrate a superior genotype to females?