The American Promise: Printed Page 58

The American Promise, Value Edition: Printed Page 53

The American Promise: A Concise History: Printed Page 66

Chapter Chronology

Tobacco Agriculture

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Initially, the Virginia Company had no plans to grow and sell tobacco. “As for tobacco,” John Smith wrote, “we never then dreamt of it.” John Rolfe—future husband of Pocahontas—planted West Indian tobacco seeds in 1612 and learned that they flourished in Virginia. By 1617, the colonists had grown enough tobacco to send the first commercial shipment to England, where it sold for a high price. After that, Virginia pivoted from a colony of rather aimless adventurers to a society of dedicated tobacco planters.

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Tobacco Plantation This engraving of a West Indian tobacco plantation illustrates both similarities with and differences from Chesapeake tobacco production in the seventeenth century. As in the Chesapeake, tobacco plants were planted in individual mounds that required careful tending by hand. In the Chesapeake, however, most of the laborers were white servants until the last third of the seventeenth century, not slaves as shown here. Chesapeake producers commonly packed tobacco in barrels rather than winding it into rope-like twists as shown in the open-sided huts here.
Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University.

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A demanding crop, tobacco required close attention and a great deal of hand labor year-round. Like the Indians, the colonists “cleared” fields by cutting a ring of bark from each tree (a procedure known as “girdling”), thereby killing the tree. Girdling brought sunlight to clearings but left fields studded with tree stumps, requiring colonists to use heavy hoes to till their tobacco fields. To plant, a visitor observed, they “just make holes [with a stick] into which they drop the seeds,” much as the Indians did. Colonists young and old enjoyed the fruits of their labor. “Everyone smokes while working or idling,” a traveler observed, including “men, women, girls, and boys, from the age of seven years.”

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English settlers worked hard because their labor promised greater rewards in the Chesapeake region than in England. One colonist proclaimed that “the dirt of this Province affords as great a profit to the general Inhabitant, as the Gold of Peru doth to . . . the Spaniard.” Although he exaggerated, it was true that a hired man could expect to earn two or three times more in Virginia’s tobacco fields than in England. Better still, in Virginia land was so abundant that it was extremely cheap compared with land in England.

By the mid-seventeenth century, common laborers could buy a hundred acres for less than their annual wages—an impossibility in England. New settlers who paid their own transportation to the Chesapeake received a grant of fifty acres of free land (termed a headright). The Virginia Company granted headrights to encourage settlement, and the royal government continued them for the same reason.