In the 1830s, George Catlin traveled the West painting Native Americans. Catlin was the first artist to portray Indians in their own environments and one of the few to present them as human beings, not savages. Keokuk, chief of the Sauk and Fox, struggled with the warrior Black Hawk (see chapter 11). Black Hawk fought American expansion; Keokuk believed that war was fruitless. Smithsonian American Art Institution, Washington, D.C./Art Resource, NY.