Photo Credits

Cover: Masa Ushioda/Robert Harding

FRONT MATTER p. vi: Andrea Gawrylewski. p. x: (bottom left) Kaspri/Dreamstime.com.

CHAPTER 1 pp. 0–1: Steve Bronstein/Getty Images. p. 2: Imaginechina/Corbis. p. 3: Infographic 1.1 (left to right) PLoS Med 2 (2). Image Credit: Krista Steinke, 28 May 2009, Vol. 338, Issue 7706. Courtesy British Medical Journal, Aleksej Vasic/iStockphoto. p. 4: Infographic 1.2 (left) 28 May 2009, Vol. 338, Issue 7706. Courtesy British Medical Journal; (right) PLoS Med 2 (2). Image Credit: Krista Steinke. p. 5: (left) SCIENCE Vol. 324, no. 5935, 26 June 2009. Reprinted with permission from AAAS; (middle) Cell Metabolism, March 4, 2009. Cover Illustration by Chris Lange. Copyright Elsevier, 2009; (right) Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Chemical Biology Feb 2013 Volume 9, Number 2; Cover art by Erin Dewalt, based on imagery from Joseph Schine. Copyright 2013. p. 8: Infographic 1.5 (left) Jessica Peterson/Photolibrary; (right top) Nancy Nehring/iStockphoto, (right middle) Science Source, (right bottom) G. Lasley/VIREO, FLPA/David Hosking/age fotostock. p. 11: AP Photo/Peter Morgan. p. 13: Brendan Hoffman for National Breast Cancer Coalition. p. 15: Infographic 1.8 Tony West/Alamy.

CHAPTER 2 pp. 20–21: NASA/JPL-Caltech. p. 22: NASA/JPL-Caltech. p. 23: UPI/Brian van der Brug/pool/LANDOV. p. 25: Infographic 2.1 (top to bottom) Blend Images/SuperStock, Juniors Bildarchiv/age fotostock, globestock/iStockphoto, Kazuo Ogawa/age fotostock, Andres Rodriguez/age fotostock. p. 26: Infographic 2.2 (background) NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/MSSS; (inset) NASA/JPL-Caltech. p. 28: NASA. p. 32: NASA. p. 35: Infographic 2.7 (top to bottom) AgeFotostock/Superstock, iStockphoto/Thinkstock, igorad1/Shutterstock. p. 38: Infographic 2.10 (top left) Eye of Science/Science Source; (bottom left) Theodore Clutter/Science Source; (inset) SIPA USA/SIPA/Newscom; (bottom right) VERENA TUNNICLIFFE/AFP/Newscom; (inset) Beatty, T, et al. An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. PNAS (2005) vol. 102 no. 26 9306–9310. © 2005 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.

CHAPTER 3 pp. 44–45: Bettmann/Corbis. p. 46: Infographic 3.1 (left to right) David M. Phillips/Science Source, Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library; (last two) Biophoto Associates/Science Source. p. 47: Infographic 3.2 (top left to right) Scenics & Science/Alamy, Roland Birke/Getty Images, Kage-Mikrofotografie/age fotostock; (bottom left to right) Ed Reschke/Getty Images, (inset) David Toase/Photolibrary, Ed Reschke/Getty Images, (inset) Martin Shields/Science Source, Michael Abbey/Science Source, (inset) A. & F. Michler/Getty Images. p. 50: SSPL via Getty Images. p. 51: (top) Richard J. Green/Science Source; (bottom) Advertising Archive/Courtesy Everett Collection. p. 52: Fleming, Alexander. 1929. On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to Their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzae. British Journal of Experimental Pathology, Vol. 10, pp. 226–236. Fig. 2. By permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 57: (top) SPL/Science Source; (bottom) National Library of Medicine. p. 60: Ocean/Corbis.

MILESTONE 1 pp. 66–67: SPL/Science Source. p. 68: (left) Sagan, L., “On the origin of mitosing cells,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, (1967), volume 3, 255–74. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier; (right) Nancy R. Schiff/Getty Images. p. 69: Infographic M1.1 (top left) Medical-on-Line/Alamy; (top middle) Dr. Gary Gaugler/Science Source: (top right) ISM/Phototake; (bottom left) Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source; (bottom right) Keith R. Porter/Science Source. p. 70: Infographic M1.2 (top left to right) Dr. D. P. Wilson/Science Source, Stock. xchng, Zefiryn/Fotolia, Ximinez/Fotolia, Pasieka/Science Source; (bottom left) Medical-on-Line/Alamy; (bottom right) Eye of Science/Science Source. p. 71: Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr/CDC/Public Health Image Library. p. 72: (clockwise from top) Peter Zijlstra/Shutterstock, CNRI/Science Source, DWaschnig/Shutterstock, Janice Carr/CDC/Public Health Image Library. p. 73: Paul Hosefros/The New York Times/Redux.

CHAPTER 4 pp. 74–75: CHAMUSSY/Sipa Press. p. 76: GIANLUIGI GUERCIA/AFP/Getty Images. p. 78: Infographic 4.2 (top left to right) Denis Pepin/Featurpics, margouillat photo/Shutterstock, AgeFotostock/Superstock; (middle left to right) Jeffrey Coolidge/Getty Images, Juanmonino/iStockphoto, margouillat photo/Shutterstock; (bottom left to right) Juanmonino/iStockphoto, AgeFotostock/Superstock, Tetra Images/Getty Images. p. 80: Colin Carson/age fotostock. p. 81: Photo by Jeffrey Davis, Courtesy Project Peanut Butter. p. 86: Infographic 4.6 (left) Michael Klein/Getty Images; (right) Fancy Photography/Veerp. p. 87: (left) © 2011 Jon Warren/World Vision; (right) © 2011 World Vision. p. 89: Project Peanut Butter. p. 90: Infographic 4.8 Shutterstock

CHAPTER 5 pp. 94–95: Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers, Inc. p. 95: REX USA/Phil Hart/Solent News/Rex; (inset) FLPA/Alamy. p. 97: MCMULLAN CO/SIPA/Newscom. p. 98: Infographic 5.2 (top to bottom) Simon Owler/iStockphoto, Årni Torfason/iStockphoto, ImageState, Elena Elisseeva/Dreamstime.com, Bernd Lang/iStockphoto, Corbis. p. 99: Infographic 5.3 (top left to right) Kimberly Deprey/iStockphoto, mihtiander/FeaturePics, Biosphoto/Claudius Thiriet; (middle) Eric Draper/The New York Times/Redux; (bottom left to right) Gerd Guenther/Science Source, Photo168/Dreamstime.com, Yobro10/Dreamstime, AP Photo/Seth Perlman, File, Gudella/FeaturePics. p. 100: Infographic 5.4 (left) Corbis/Superstock; (middle and right) technotr/iStockphoto. p. 101: Infographic 5.5 (left to right) Pixelgnome/Dreamstime.com, Vasily Smirnov/Dreamstime.com, Roger Harris/Science Source, Shevelartur/Dreamstime.com, Aleksandr Lazarev/iStockphoto. p. 102: Infographic 5.6 (top left to right) Value Stock Images/Fotosearch, jeff waibel/Dreamstime.com, NNehring/iStockphoto; (bottom left) Value Stock Images/Fotosearch; (top right) Mark Hamblin/age fotostock; (bottom right) Michael Abbey/Science Source. p. 105: Michael Macor/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis. p. 106: Infographic 5.8 (left) Brad Calkins/Dreamstime.com; (right) Maxrale/iStockphoto. p. 108: Courtesy Jim Sears/A2BE Carbon Capture LLC. p. 109: PNWL/Alamy.

CHAPTER 6 p. 115: Masterfile (Royalty-Free Div.). p. 116: Courtesy Paul Rozin; Infographic 6.1 (left) Mauricio Anton/Science Source; (middle) Douglas Johns/the food passionates/Corbis; (right) OECD (2012), OECD Obesity Update http://www.oecd.org/health/49716427.pdf. p. 118: Infographic 6.3 Jose Luis Stephens/Radius Images/Getty Images. p. 119: Sergio Pitamitz/DanitaDelimont.com. p. 120: Infographic 6.4 Ilena Eisseva/Featurepics. p. 124: Infographic 6.6 (top) apcuk/iStockphoto; (middle) EricGerrard/iStockphoto; (bottom) bluestocking/iStockphoto; (top right) DNY59/iStockphoto. p. 128: (left) Konstik/Dreamstime; (right) Erik Isakson/Getty Images. p. 130: (row 1) Julia Nichols/iStockphoto, Lauri Patterson/iStockphoto; (row 2) Rowan Butler/iStockphoto, John E. Kelly/Getty Images; (row 3) Jill Chen/iStockphoto, janeff/iStockphoto; (row 5) Flashon Studio/iStockphoto; (row 6) Givaga/iStockphoto, Lee Rogers/iStockphoto. p. 131: AP Photo/Harry Cabluck.

CHAPTER 7 p. 136: JUPITERIMAGES/Brand X/Alamy. p. 138: Tyler Hicks/The New York Times/Redux. p. 139: Uli Holz. p. 142: Scanpix Sweden/Sipa USA. p. 145: Tek Image/Science Source. p. 147: Infographic 7.6 Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Source. p. 148: Kevin Rivoli/The New York Times/Redux. p. 149: STEPHEN D. CANNERELLI/The Post-Standard/Landov.

MILESTONE 2 pp. 154–155: James D. Watson Collection, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives. p. 157: Infographic M2.2 (top) Science Source; (bottom, both) King’s College London. p. 158: Infographic M2.3 Courtesy of Columbia University Medical Center. p. 159: Infographic M2.4 SSPL via Getty Images.

CHAPTER 8 p. 163: Courtesy rEVO Biologics. p. 164: (top) Nigel Cattlin/Alamy; (bottom) Courtesy rEVO Biologics. p. 170: AP Photo/Lisa Poole. p. 171: Infographic 8.6 (left to right) MedicalRF.com/age fotostock, Lauritzasoare/Dreamstime.com, jennyt/shutterstock, Courtesy of rEVO Biologics. p. 177: Infographic 8.10 Courtesy of rEVO Biologics. p. 181: Dan Reynolds/CartoonStock.

MILESTONE 3 pp. 182–183: Alex Wong/Getty Images. p. 188: (top) JOYCE NALTCHAYAN/AFP/Newscom. (bottom left) Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Feb 15, 2001, Volume 409, Number 6822, copyright 2001; (bottom right) Cover from Science Vol. 291, no. 5507, 16 February 2001. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Illustration by Ann Cutting: ann@cutting. com. p. 189: Sinclair Stammers/Science Source. p. 190: Infographic M2.4 Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy.

CHAPTER 9 p. 192: (top left) AP Photo/Wally Santana; (top right) Philippe Psaila/Science Source; (bottom left) Alan Sirulnikoff/Science Source; (bottom right) Philippe Psaila/Science Source. p. 194: Inga Spence/Science Source. p. 195: Infographic 9.2 Targeting Connexin43 Expression Accelerates the Rate of Wound Repair. (2003). Cindy Qiu, Petula Coutinho, Stefanie Frank, Susanne Franke, Lee-yong Law, Paul Martin, Colin R. Green and David L. Becker. Current Biology, 13(19), 1697–1703. p. 197: Alan Sirulnikoff/Science Source. p. 199: Courtesy Dr. Susan Band Horwitz, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. p. 200: (top left) Dr. Alexey Khodjako/Science Source; (bottom left) Pr. G Giménez-Martin/Science Source; (top middle) Dr. Alexey Khodjakov/Science Source; (top right) Dr. Alexey Khodjakov/Science Source; (bottom right) Pr. G Giménez-Martin/Science Source. p. 201: (top left and top right) Dr. Alexey Khodjakov/Science Source; (bottom left and bottom right) Pr. G Giménez-Martin/Science Source. p. 202: Infographic 9.3 from Cancer Cell, Vol. 8, Issue 1, Weaver, B., Cleveland, D., Decoding the links between mitosis, cancer and chemotherapy: The mitotic checkpoint, adaptation, and cell death, 7–12, Copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier. p. 205: Michael Sewell, Visual Pursuit/Peter Arnold/Getty Images. p. 206: Department of Chemistry, Florida State University. p. 207: (left) Jim West/age fotostock; (right) Mark Kostich/Getty Images; (bottom) Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source.

CHAPTER 10 p. 213: Bill Greenblatt/UPI/Newscom. p. 215: Infographic 10.1 (left) Stockbyte; (right) Ingram Publishing/Photolibrary. p. 217: Du Cane Medical Imaging Ltd./Science Source. p. 220: Infographic 10.5 (top left) Lepas/Dreamstime; (top middle) Larry Jordan/FeaturePics; (top right) Photodisc; (bottom left) Royalty-Free/Corbis; (bottom middle) Royalty-Free/Corbis; (bottom right) Mary Lane/FeaturePics. p. 221: Glow Wellness/SuperStock. p. 224: Courtesy Lorene Ahern.

CHAPTER 11 p. 228: Carrie Acosta. p. 232: Infographic 11.2 ISM/Phototake. p. 236: Infographic 11.6 Simon Fraser/Science Source. p. 237: (top) Jeffrey Sauger; (bottom) Courtesy Emily Schaller. p. 242: 2 Snaps Up. p. 243: AP Photo/Carlos Osorio.

MILESTONE 4 p. 248: Biophoto Associates/Getty Images. p. 250: Infographic M4.1 (left) Science Source; (right) Wellcome Library, London. p. 250: Authenticated News/Getty Images. p. 251: Guy Croft/Alamy. p. 253: Trevor Sims/Garden World Images/age fotostock.

CHAPTER 12 p. 257: Sebastian Kaulitzki/Alamy. p. 258: REUTERS/Landov; Infographic 12.1 ISM/Phototake. p. 259: Biophoto Associates/Science Source. p. 263: Courtesy of Mason County Museum, Maysville, Kentucky. p. 266: AP Photo/Leslie Close. p. 267: (top left to right) Ludo Kuipers, OzOutback.com.au, ImageSource/age fotostock, Yuri Arcurs/Fotolia, Tatiana Morozova/FeaturePics; (middle left to right) PhotosIndia/Alamy, Jacob Langvad/Getty Images, Denis Pepin/FeaturePics; (bottom left to right) leaf/FeaturePics, Dmitriy Shironosov/Dreamstime.com, Thomas Cockrem/Alamy. p. 268: Infographic 12.6 (top) leaf/FeaturePics; (left) ImageSource/age fotostock; (right) Ryan McVay/Getty Images. p. 269: Aizuddin Saad/ZUMA Press/Newscom. p. 271: Courtesy Peter Morenus. p. 273: Courtesy J. Dee Higley; Infographic 12.10 National Institute of Mental Health. p. 275: Markus Moellenberg/Corbis. p. 277: Infographic 12.13 ISM/Phototake.

CHAPTER 13 p. 283: Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. p. 286: Infographic 13.2 (top) Ed Reschke/Getty Images; (middle) Robert Knauft/Biology Pics/Science Source; (bottom) Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake. p. 287: Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. Infographic 13.3 AP Photo/Brian Walker. p. 288: Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. p. 291: Infographic 13.5 (top) Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; (bottom left) Rebecca Hale/National Geograhic Creative; (bottom right) Andre Blais/Shutterstock. p. 293: AFP/GETTY IMAGES/Newscom. p. 294: Infographic 13.7 Deco Images II/Alamy, AP Photo/PA/Files. p. 295: Infographic 13.8 LookatSciences/Phototake. p. 296: Hyun-Wook Kang, Wake Forest University Institute of Regenerative Medicine. p. 297: (top) Hyun-Wook Kang, Wake Forest University Institute of Regenerative Medicine; (bottom) Rex Features via AP Images.

CHAPTER 14 p. 302: David M. Phillips/Science Source. p. 305: Infographic 14.1 (top left) Science Source; (bottom left) BSIP/Science Source; (bottom right) Scott Camazine/Science Source; (top right) Pjcross/Dreamstime.com; (middle right) DNY59/istockphoto. com; (middle right, inset) Offscreen/Dreamstime.com; (bottom right) swissg/istockphoto.com. p. 306: (left) Lycoming College Sports Information; (right) Courtesy Theresa Drew. p. 308: Dr. L. Caro/Science Source. p. 312: Infographic 14.7 (top) Janice Haney Carr/PHIL; (middle) artworkbyme/istockphoto.com; (bottom) FLPA/Frank W Lane/age fotostock. p. 313: (top) CDC; (bottom) Datacraft/age fotostock. p. 315: Infographic 14.8 (top left) Gallo Images—Farming SA/Getty Images; (top right) alandj/istockphoto.com; (middle left) walik/istockphoto.com; (middle right) sshepard/istockphoto.com; (bottom left) Ever/Dreamstime.com; (bottom right) Christine Schuhbeck/age fotostock. p. 319: Nick D. Kim/CartoonStock.

MILESTONE 5 p. 320: HMS Beagle in the Galapagos by John Chancellor (1925–1984). Courtesy of Gordon Chancellor. p. 323: Infographic M5.1 Bettmann/Corbis. p. 326: Infographic M5.3 (top left) Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, 11th ed. London: John Murray, 1872. Leith Storage P DG L. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library; (top middle) Classic Image/Alamy; (top right) Reproduced with permission from John van Wyhe ed., The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (http://darwin-online.org.uk); (top right, inset) World History Archive/Alamy; (bottom right) Reproduced with permission from John van Wyhe ed., The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (http://darwin-online.org.uk); (bottom left) Paul D. Stewart/Science Source. p. 328: Infographic M5.4 (top left) A map of the world from The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Biodiversity Heritage Library, University of California Libraries; (top middle) Natural History Museum, London; (bottom middle) London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images; (bottom right) Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. p. 329: C. Warren Irvin Collection of Darwin and Darwiniana, Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, University of South Carolina Libraries, Columbia, S.C.

CHAPTER 15 p. 330: (top) Danny Lehman/Corbis; (bottom left) Bill Draker/age fotostock; (bottom right) Alexander Wild/alexanderwild. com. p. 332: CUNY/PHOTO. p. 334: From Jason Munchi-South, Urban landscape genetics: canopy cover predicts geneflow between white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) populations in New York City. Molecular Ecology (2012) 21, 1360–1378. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., From Jason Munshi-South and Katerina Kharchenko. Rapid, pervasive genetic differentiation of urban white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) populations in New York City. Molecular Ecology (2010) 19, 4242–4254. p. 335: Infographic 15.2 From Jason Munshi-South and Katerina Kharchenko. Rapid, pervasive genetic differentiation of urban white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) populations in New York City. Molecular Ecology (2010) 19, 4242–4254. p. 339: (left) Richard B. Levine/Newscom; (right) Spencer Grant/Science Source. p. 344: (top left) Pecarevic et al (2010), Biodiversity on Broadway—Enigmatic Diversity of the Societies of Ants (Formicidae) on the Streets of New York City. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13222; (top right) Alexander Wild/alexanderwild.com; (middle) Neil Emmerson/Robert Harding World Imagery; (middle right) Alexander Wild/alexanderwild.com; (bottom left) Photo by April Nobile/From www.antweb.org. Accessed 7 August 2013; (bottom middle) Alexander Wild/alexanderwild.com; (bottom right) Alexander Wild/alexanderwild. com. p. 346: Infographic 15.6 (top left) Dmitry Deshevykh/iStockphoto; (top right) Nico Smit/Dreamstime; (row 2 left) Michelle Gilders/Alamy; (row 2 right) Dan Suzio/Science Source; (row 3 left) Rinusbaak/Dreamstime.com; (row 3 right) Henno Robert/age fotostock; (row 4 left) Steve Byland/Dreamstime.com; (row 4 right) Nick Layton/Alamy; (row 5 left) cynoclub/FeaturePics.com; (row 5 right) marilna/FeaturePics. com; (row 6 left) Ziutograf/iStockphoto; (row 6 right) Dimitar Marinov/Dreamstime.com; (bottom) Mary Beth Angelo/Science Source. p. 347: Infographic 15.7 (top) G. Armistead/VIREO; (middle) Mark Jones Roving Tortoise Photos/Getty Images; (bottom) Tim Laman/National Geographic/Getty Images; (right) J. Dunning/VIREO.

CHAPTER 16 p. 353: Courtesy of the WGBH Media Library & Archives; p. 354: (both) Ted Daeschler/Academy of Natural Sciences/VIREO; p. 355: Ted Daeschler/Academy of Natural Sciences/VIREO; p. 356: Infographic 16.1 (top) choicegraphx/iStockphoto, Colin Keates/Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (bottom left) Arpad Benedek/iStockphoto; (bottom right) Grafissimo/iStockphoto. p. 357: Infographic 16.2 The Natural History Museum/The Image Works. p. 359: Infographic 16.3 Ted Daeschler/Academy of Natural Sciences/VIREO. p. 360: Tyler Keillor/University of Chicago Fossil Lab. p. 361: Neil Shubin Lab. p. 362: Science Source. p. 364: Infographic 16.6 (top left to right) Science Source, Eye of Science/Science Source, Courtesy of Rachel M. Warga, Courtesy of Olivier Pourqui, ISM/Phototake; (bottom left to right) Claudia Dewald/iStockphoto, Frank Wiechens/Fotolia, Volodymyr Kozieiev/Dreamstime.com, Dolan Halbrook/iStockphoto, Tamara Murray/iStockphoto. p. 367: Infographic 16.7 (left to right) Steven Hunt/Getty Images, Tier und Naturfotografie/SuperStock, Tier und Naturfotografie/SuperStock, PhotoAlto/Alamy. p. 368: Ruud de Man/iStockphoto.

CHAPTER 17 p. 373: Dominik Ogilvie, stadtbild.ch. p. 374: NASA/JSC. p. 376: Infographic 17.2 James S Kuwabara/U.S. Geolological Survey. p. 377: Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis. p. 379: Michael Melford/National Geographic/Getty Images. p. 380: Infographic 17.4 Jamie Carroll/iStockphoto. p. 384: Infographic 17.7 (left to right) Eu Jin Chew/Dreamstime.com, Gert Vrey/Dreamstime.com, musk/Alamy, Danita Delimont/Alamy. p. 385: Haeckel, E. H. P. A. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von C. Darwin reformirte Decendenz-Theorie. Berlin. p. 389: Bill Abbott/CartoonStock.

CHAPTER 18 p. 391: Image courtesy of the University of Washington and the Lost City Science team, IFE, URI-IAO, and NOAA. p. 392: Infographic 18.1 Image courtesy of the University of Washington and the Lost City Science team, IFE, URI-IAO, and NOAA; (inset) Courtesy of Matt Schrenk, Michigan State University. p. 393: Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. p. 394: Infographic 18.2 (top left) Courtesy University of Washington; (top right) Courtesy of the University of Washington, IFE, URI-IAO, Lost City Science Team and NOAA; (bottom left and right) University of Washington, School of Oceanography. p. 395: (left) Courtesy of Deborah Kelley, University of Washington; (right) Courtesy of NOAA. p. 396: Infographic 18.3 Per Ivar Somby. p. 397: Infographic 18.4 (top left) Courtesy of D. Kelley, University of Washington; (top inset and bottom inset) Courtesy of Matt Schrenk, Michigan State University; (right) Photo, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; (right inset) Julie Huber/Marine Biological Laboratory; (bottom left to right) Extremophiles. 2010 Jan;14(1):61–9. Epub 2009 Nov 4. Novel ultramicrobacterial isolates from a deep Greenland ice core represent a proposed new species, Chryseobacterium greenlandense sp. nov. Loveland-Curtze J, Miteva V, Brenchley J. Department of Bioochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Eye of Science/Science Source, Martin Oeggerli/Science Source, Greg Wanger Ph.D. & Gordon Southam Ph.D. p. 399: (top) Photo © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; (bottom) Courtesy of IFE, URI-IAO, Lost City science party, and NOAA. p. 400: Infographic 18.6 (clockwise left to right) E. Nelson and L. Sycuro, provided courtesy of the Vibrio fischeri Genome Project, Dr. Kari Lounatmaa/Science Source, Kwangshin Kim/Science Source, Michael Abbey/Science Source, John Walsh/Science Photo Library, CNRI/Science Source, Science Photo Library/Photolibrary. p. 402: Infographic 18.7 (top inset) K. O. Stetter and R. Rachel, Univ. Regensburg, Germany; (left) NASA, NSF, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution/Chris German, WHOI; (top) Kevin Kemmerer/Getty Images; (top inset) Eye of Science/Science Source; (bottom) Peter Walker/Corbis; (bottom inset) Kenneth M. Stedman, Ph.D., NASA Astrobiology Institute-Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University. p. 403: Image courtesy of Kelley, D. S., University of Washington and IFE, URI-IAO, UW, Lost City science party, and NOAA. p. 405: Image courtesy of the University of Washington and the Lost City Science team, IFE, URIIAO, and NOAA.

CHAPTER 19 p. 410: Michael Wheatley/age fotostock. p. 412: (both) National Park Service, Olympic National Park. Photo by Janis Burger. p. 413: Infographic 19.2 (1) Patrick Robbins/Dreamstime.com, (2) National Park Service, (3) Marcopolo/FeaturePics, (4) Courtesy Peter Wigmore, (5) Courtesy Bob Wightman. p. 414: Infographic 19.3 (left) Fotogal/FeaturePics; (left inset) Mariya Bibikova/iStockphoto; (middle left) Mark Turner/Getty Images; (middle left inset) George Bailey/Dreamstime.com; (middle right) Michael P. Gadomski/Science Source; (middle right inset) ray roper/iStockphoto; (right) Mark Turner/Getty Images; (right inset) Courtesy Greg Rabourn. p. 415: Courtesy Northwest Trek. p. 416: David Gomez/iStockphoto; p. 417: Infographic19.4b (left to right) Courtesy of Brooke et al., NOAA-OE, HBOI; Anky10/Dreamstime.com; Ed Reschke/Getty Images; Photolibrary/Alamy; Manipulateur/Fotolia; London Scientific Films/Getty Images; irin-k/Shutterstock; U.S. National Park Service; Karen Arnold/Dreamstime.com. p. 420: (clockwise from top left) Outdoorsman/Dreamstime.com, Mark Conlin/Alamy, Stone Nature Photography/Alamy, Gary Nafis; (left) Jan Gottwald/iStockphot; (center) Chris Mattison/Alamy. p. 422: Infographic 19.5 (clockwise from top left) London Scientific Films/Getty Images, Mike Norton/Dreamstime.com, Alexander Makarov/iStockphoto, Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source, Eye of Science/Science Source; (center) Ed Reschke/Getty Images. p. 423: Infographic 19.6 (left to right) Gary Retherford/Science Source, Roland Birke/Getty Images, Nick Kurzenko/Alamy, Science PR/Getty Images. p. 424: Cornelia Doerr/age fotostock/Robert Harding.

CHAPTER 20 p. 430: Courtesy of American Anthropological Association. p. 432: Infographic 20.1 Joe Ravi/Shutterstock; (inset) Thinkstock. p. 433: Infographic 20.2 Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake. p. 434: (top) Mark Wilson/Getty Images; (bottom) Nina Jablonski. p. 435: Infographic 20.3 (top) Juergen Berger/Science Source; (bottom left) Elena Rostunova/Alamy; (bottom right) Biophoto Associates/Science Source. p. 436: Infographic 20.4 Chaplin G., Geographic Distribution of Environmental Factors Influencing Human Skin Coloration, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125:292,ÂÏ302, 2004; map updated in 2007. Designer: Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/skin-colour-map-indigenous-people. p. 437: Infographic 20.5 (left) SPL/Custom Medical Stock Photo—All rights reserved. (right) CNRI/Science Source. p. 439: Infographic 20.7 (left) ©2001 David L. Brill/Brill Atlanta; (right) The Natural History Museum, London/The Image Works. p. 444: Infographic 20.10 Chaplin G., Geographic Distribution of Environmental Factors Influencing Human Skin Coloration, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125:292,ÂÏ302, 2004; map updated in 2007. Designer: Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/skin-colour-map-indigenous-people.

CHAPTER 21 p. 448: John Vucetich. p. 451: Infographic 21.1 (top to bottom) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, AP Photo/Michigan Technological University, John Vucetich, Accent Alaska.com/Alamy, sherwoodimagery/iStockphoto. p. 452: John Vucetich; Infographic 21.2 (top left) Flirt/SuperStock; (top right) JA Vucetich & RO Peterson, www.isleroyalewolf.org; (middle left)Tom Hansch/Dreamstime.com; (middle right) JA Vucetich & RO Peterson, www.isleroyalewolf.org; (bottom, both) John Vucetich; Infographic 21.3 (left) Ed Reschke/Getty Images; (middle) Stubblefield Photography/Shutterstock; (right) Marcel Krol/Dreamstime.com. p. 454: Stachecki, James J./Animals Animals—All rights reserved. p. 455: John Vucetich. p. 457: Infographic 21.6 (top) John Luke/Getty Images; (middle) Steve Kazlowski/DanitaDelimont. com; (bottom) Zastolskiy Victor/Shutterstock. p. 458: Infographic 21.7 (top left) imagebroker/Alamy; (top right) Cliff Keeler/Alamy; (bottom left) Andrew McLachlan/All Canada Photos/Getty Images; (bottom right) John Vucetich. p. 459: Infographic 21.8 (clockwise from top left) Photobac/Dreamstime.com, Peter J. Wilson/Shutterstock, Terry Morris/iStockphoto.com, John Vucetich, Oksana Churakova/Dreamstime.com, jim kruger/iStockphoto; (center) James Mattil/age fotostock. p. 460: John and Ann Mahan. p. 461: JA Vucetich & RO Peterson, www.isleroyalewolf.org. p. 462: Infographic 21.9 (left) John Vucetich; (right) Courtesy Sandy Updyke.

CHAPTER 22 p. 466: Julia Kumari Drapkin/Tampa Bay Times/ZUMAPRESS.com. p. 467: Danish Ismail/Reuters/Landov. p. 469: © 2010 Ellen Harasimowicz. p. 469: Infographic 22.2 (top) Dennis MacDonald/age fotostock; (bottom) Ragnar/FeaturePics. p. 470: Infographic 22.3 (bottom) Olga Demchishina/iStockphoto. p. 471: (left) Gail Shumwa/Getty Images; (right) John Serrao/Science Source. p. 472: Infographic 22.4 (top) David Kay/Dreamstime.com; (middle) Rui Miguel da Costa Neves Saraiva/iStockphoto; (bottom) Kyu Oh/iStockphoto. p. 473: Infographic 22.5b (row 1 left to right) Blend Images/Superstock, Michael Sewell/Getty Images, Benny Rytter/iStockphoto; (row 2 left to right) James Phelps Jr/Dreamstime. com, Abdolhamid Ebrahim/iStockphoto, Lunamarina/Dreamstime. com, Rui Miguel da Costa Neves Saraiva/iStockphoto, Krys Bailey/Alamy; (row 3 left to right) Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH/Alamy, Lukrecja/FeaturePics, Hermann Eisenbeiss/Science Source; (row 4 left to right) Kyu Oh/iStockphoto, brytta/iStockphoto, Roy T. Free/age fotostock. p. 474: Infographic 22.6 (top left) Jon Yuschock/Fotolia; (top right) Courtesy Donald Stahly; (middle right) Crown Copyright courtesy of Central Science Laboratory/Science Source; (bottom) Debbie Steinhausser/Shutterstock. p. 476: Infographic 22.7 (clockwise from top left) Willi Schmitz/iStockphoto, Jim McKinley/Getty Images, Steve Byland/iStockphoto, Nigel Downer/age fotostock; (background) Joanne Green/iStockphoto. p. 477: Infographic 22.8 (top) Alliance Images/Alamy; (middle) ElementalImaging/iStockphoto; (bottom) Nic Bothma/epa/Corbis. p. 478: (top) Curt Pickens/iStockphoto; (middle) mrolands/Featurepics.com; (bottom) Maigi/Dreamstime.com. p. 479: Ian Shaw/Alamy. p. 480: Infographic 22.9 (top and bottom left) Custom Life Science Images/photographersdirect.com; (right top to bottom) AP Photo/Sun Journal, Russ Dillingham, Duŝan KostiC/iStockphoto, Courtesy Mariano Higes and Raquel Martin-Hernandez, Courtesy Beeologics and Professor Ilan Sela (Maori et al, IAPV, a bee-affecting virus associated with Colony Collapse Disorder can be silenced by dsRNA ingestion, Insect Molecular Biology (2009) 18(1), 55–60.) p. 481: (left) Valentyn75/Dreamstime.com; (right) © HDIP, Inc.

CHAPTER 23 p. 486: America/Alamy p. 487: AP Photo/Toby Talbot. p. 490: Cheryl Senter/The New York Times/Redux. p. 492: (row 1) Krzysztof Odziomek/iStockphoto, Jacka/Dreamstime.com, STILLFX/Shutterstock, Andoni Canel/Getty Images; (row 2) ricardoreitmeyer/Shutterstock, Richard Walters/iStockphoto, malerapaso/iStockphoto, Art33art/Dreamstime.com. p. 495: Infographic 23.6 (clockwise from top left) USFWS Pacific Region/Flickr, Nick Saunders/age fotostock, Rita Robinson/age fotostock, Rod Planck/Science Source, Wayne Lynch/Getty Images, Jim Zipp/Science Source; (background) Evgeny Dubinchuk/Dreamstime.com; (right) MichaelGrant/Alamy. p. 496: REUTERS/Mathieu Belanger. p. 498: Infographic 23.8 (left and right) NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio. The Blue Marble data is courtesy of Reto Stockli; (top right) WorldFoto/Alamy. p. 502: Infographic 23.10 (left) AFP/Getty Images; (middle) British Antarctic Survey/Science Source; (right) U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory. p. 503: Infographic 23.11 (clockwise from top left) Justin Kase ztwoz/Alamy, Stringer/epa/Corbis, Matt Meadows/Getty Images, olyniteowl/iStockphoto, Anna Lubovedskaya/iStockphoto, ssuaphoto/age fotostock. p. 508: D. W. Schindler.

MILESTONE 6 p. 510: Bettmann/Corbis. p. 512: (left) Courtesy of the Linda Lear Center for Special Collections & Archives, Connecticut College; (middle) Cover from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. Copyright © 1962 by Rachel L. Carson and renewed 1990 by Roger Christie. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. (right) Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; (bottom left) Basement Stock/Alamy; (bottom right) Bettmann/CORBIS. p. 513: Infographic M6.1b (clockwise from top left) George Konig/Keystone Features/Getty Images, Eye of Science/Science Source, Photo Researchers/Getty Images, George Silk/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images. p. 514: Infographic M6.2 (left to right) Lee Balterman/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, Graphic Science/Alamy, Valerie Giles/Getty Images, Kenneth C. Zirkel/Getty Images, Greg L. Kohuth, Michigan State University. p. 515: Infographic M6.3 (top) Ken Canning/Getty Images; (bottom) M. I. Walker/Science Source. p. 516: AP Photo. p. 517: (left) Cover from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. Copyright © 1962 by Rachel L. Carson and renewed 1990 by Roger Christie. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. (right) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 518: George Silk/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images.

CHAPTER 24 p. 520: Jaime Oppenheimer/Wichita Eagle/MCT via Getty Images. p. 523: (left) Eric Nguyen/Corbis; (right) Courtesy WeatherTap.com. p. 524: Infographic 24.1c (top left to right) Capricornis/Dreamstime.com, tank_bmb/FeaturePics, Photong/Dreamstime.com, Dimaberkut/Dreamstime.com, hfng/FeaturePics; (bottom left to right) Gary Whitton/Dreamstime.com, surpasspro/FeaturePics, Borut Trdina/iStockphotos, stu99/FeaturePics, Tommy Schultz/Dreamstime.com. p. 525: (left) Larry W. Smith/epa/Corbis; (inset) Mike Theiss/Ultimate Chase/Corbis. p. 528: Infographic 24.4 (top left) Frank Roeder/Dreamstime.com; (top right) Airwolf01/Dreamstime.com; (middle left) Dennis Macdonald/Photolibrary/Getty Images; (middle right) Lukasz Koszyk/iStockphoto; (bottom left) Hanhanpeggy/Dreamstime.com; (bottom center) Shaun Lowe/iStockphoto; (bottom right) Dmitro Tolokonov/iStockphoto. p. 530: (top) Wichita Eagle/MCT/LANDOV; (bottom) Farshid Assassi/Courtesy BNIM. p. 531: (top) Native Energy, Inc./NREL; (middle) Jorgen Gulliksen/ZUMA Press/Corbis; (bottom) Stefan Falke/laif/Redux. p. 532: Stefan Falke/laif/Redux. p. 534: Infographic 24.6 (left) Chris Fourie/Dreamstime.com; (middle) Michael Patrick O’Neill/Alamy; (right) Mark Conlin/Alamy; (background) NASA/Corbis. p. 536: Infographic 24.7 (top to bottom) Aerial Archives/Alamy, Ron and Patty Thomas Photography/iStockphoto, Petr Nad/iStockphoto, LIU XIN/Xinhua/Landov, Pavle Marjanovic/Dreamstime. com, Rob Broek/iStockphoto. p. 538: (top left) Farshid Assassi/Courtesy BNIM; (top right, middle, and bottom left) conflictedracer; (bottom right) Joah Bussert/NREL. p. 539: Infographic 24.9 Andrde Babiak/age fotostock. p. 541: Infographic 24.11 (top to bottom) Dimitri Vervitsiotis/Digital Vision/Getty Images, AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes, rockphoto/FeaturePics, Don Nichols/iStockphoto, stuartbur/iStockphoto, okea/FeaturePics, Yuliyan Velchev/Dreamstime.com, Dmitro Tolokonov/iStockphoto. p. 544: Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature News, “The trouble with turbines: An ill wind,” 2012, Jun 20.

CHAPTER 25 p. 546: Jake Norton/Aurora/Getty Images. p. 553: (top) DOD Photo/Alamy; (bottom) Christian Kober AWL Images/Getty Images. p. 562: (top) DEVENDRA M. SINGH/AFP/Getty Images; (bottom) Dennis Scott/Corbis; (inset) Gerrit Vyn. p. 563: (left) jimbo/FeaturePics; (right) Clément Philippe/age fotostock. p. 564: (left) AfriPics.com/Alamy; (top right) Michael Lynch/Alamy; (middle right and bottom right) Biophoto Associates/Science Source.

CHAPTER 26 p. 568: Digital Property Ltd/Image Source/Corbis. p. 570: Courtesy Amy Jo Smith. p. 574: AP Photo/The Daily Reflector, Rhett Butler. p. 576: Infographic 26.5 Biophoto Associates/Science Source. p. 577: Infographic 26.6 Peter Dazeley/Getty Images. p. 580: (top) The Post-Standard; (bottom) Courtesy Amy Jo Smith. p. 581: Gregory G. Dimijian/Science Source. p. 582: (top) Tom Campbell/agefotostock; (bottom left) Lessadar/FeaturePics; (bottom right) Nancy Nehring/iStockphoto.

MILESTONE 7 p. 586: (left and middle) © Copyright Eli Lilly and Company. All Rights Reserved. Photo courtesy of Eli Lilly and Company Archives. (right) Sanofi Pasteur Limited (Connaught Campus) Archives, Toronto. p. 588: Infographic M7.1 (top) Wellcome Library, London; (bottom) Biophoto Associates/Science Source. p. 590: Infographic M7.2 Science Source. p. 591: The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto. p. 592: (left to right) SSPL/The Image Works; The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto; The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto; The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto. p. 594: The Granger Collection, New York.

CHAPTER 27 p. 596: Kevin Curtis/Science Source. p. 598: Greg Miles. p. 603: Infographic 27.4 (left) Biophoto Associates/Science Source; (right) VEM/Science Source. p. 604: Infographic 27.5 Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold/Getty Images. p. 607: Lisa F. Young/iStockphoto. p. 609: The Daily News, Bogalusa, LA. Infographic 27.9 (clockwise from top) Mykola Velychko/iStockphoto, Donald Erickson/iStockphoto, spaxiax/iStockphoto, Robyn Mackenzie/iStockphoto. p. 612: (top) Sascha Burkard/iStockphoto; (middle) Christopher Futcher/iStockphoto; (bottom) NightAndDayImages/iStockphoto. p. 613: Keith Beaty/Toronto Star/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom. p. 614: Borut Furlan/WaterF/age fotostock. p. 615: (left) Amwu/Dreamstime.com; (right) Tsekhmister/Dreamstime.com.

CHAPTER 28 p. 620: Clive Rose/Getty Images. p. 622: Courtesy Hypoxico, Inc. p. 623: Popperfoto/Getty Images. p. 626: USOC Communications. Infographic 28.3 Design Pics/Craig Tuttle/Getty Images. p. 627: Michael Madrid/US PRESSWIRE. p. 629: Craig Lovell/Eagle Visions Photography/Alamy. p. 631: Neil Tingle/actionplus sports images/Newscom. p. 635: David Zalubowski/AP/dapd. p. 636: Press Association via AP Images.

CHAPTER 29 p. 643: (left) Mira/Alamy; (right) Alexander Mak/Shutterstock. p. 644: (left) AP Photo/The Lexington Herald-Leader, David Perry; (right) Sipe/The New York Times/Redux. p. 647: Infographic 29.3 Gary Carlson/Science Source. p. 658: (left) Courtesy Peter A. V. Anderson, The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience; (right) Lesya Castillo/Featurepics. p. 659: (right) M I (Spike) Walker/Alamy.

CHAPTER 30 p. 664: Eyevine/Polaris. p. 666: ADEL AL-MASRY/AFP/Getty Images/Newscom. p. 669: Infographic 30.3 David M. Phillips/Science Source. p. 674: (clockwise from top) Photomac/FeaturePics. com, Saturn Stills/Science Source, Tek Image/Science Source, Tina Sbrigato/iStockphoto, Moodboard/SuperStock, SuperStock, imagebroker/Alamy. p. 675: Infographic 30.7 Prof. P. M. Motta/Univ. “La Sapienza,” Rome/Science Source. p. 678: Infographic 30.9 UHB Trust/Getty Images. p. 679: Jason Winslow/Splash News/Newscom. p. 681: Jeff Steinberg/Matt Smith, PacificCoastNews/Newscom. p. 683: James Urbach/Alamy. p. 684: (top left) Mark Conlin/Alamy; (top left inset) Natural Visions/Alamy; (top right) Mark Conlin/Alamy; (middle) Genevieve Anderson; (bottom) Hazel Appleton, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections/Science Source. p. 685: (top) J. Forsdyke/Gene Cox/Science Source; (middle) Dr. George J. Wong, University of Hawaii at Manoa; (bottom) SCIMAT/Science Source.

CHAPTER 31 p. 690: Courtesy National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. p. 692: Time Life Pictures/Getty Images. p. 695: Infographic 31.2 (top left to right) Cynthia Goldsmith/CDC Public Health Image Library, Eye of Science/Science Source, CNRI/Science Source; (middle left to right) Pasieka/Science Source, James Cavallini/Science Source, Eye of Science/Science Source; (bottom left to right) Biophoto Associates/Science Source, Masamichi Aikawa, M.D./Phototake/Alamy, Dr. Stan Erlandsen/CDC/Public Health Image Library. p. 697: (top) James King-Holmes/Science Source; (bottom) CDC/James Gathany. p. 698: Infographic 31.4 (top left) Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake; (bottom left) SPL/Science Source; (bottom center) Ocean/Corbis; (bottom right) Evan Kafka/Getty Images. p. 700: Infographic 31.5 (top left) CDC/Dr. Thomas Hooten; (top right) Biophoto Associates/Science Source; (bottom left) temet/iStockphoto; (bottom right) Ed Reschke/Getty Images. p. 701: Michigan Technological University Archives and Copper Country Historical Collections. p. 709: (left) Dennis Sabo/iStockphoto; (right) Courtesy Kate Hendry. p. 710: Lee D. Simon/Science Source. p. 711: (top to bottom) Paul Kay/Getty Images; playTOME, FeaturePics.com; Carl-Johan Zettervall and Dan Hultmark, Umeå University; Er-Jun Ling and Xiao-Qiang Yu.

CHAPTER 32 pp. 716–717: Naturfoto Honal/Corbis. p. 718: Infographic 32.1 (top) Nuridsany et Perennou/Science Source; (bottom) Perennou Nuridsany/Science Source. p. 719: Jordan Siemens/Getty Images. p. 720: Infographic 32.2 Steve Gschmeissner/Photolibrary. p. 721: GYRO Photography/amanaimagesRF/Getty Images. p. 722: Infographic 32.3 (left to right) Courtesy Frank Dazzo, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University; Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source; Gainey/Alamy; Reinhard Dirscherl/Alamy. p. 724: Infographic 32.4 (left top and bottom) Dr. Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Science Source; (right) EggImages/Alamy. p. 725: Image Plan/Corbis. p. 726: Infographic 32.5 (left) Jens Stolt/iStockphoto; (left inset) sovlanik/iStockphoto; (right) Don Johnston/Alamy; (right inset) Natallia Khlapushyna/Dreamstime. com. p. 727: Infographic 32.6 (left) Chas53/Featurepics; (right) Rolf Nussbaumer Photography/Alamy. p. 728: Infographic 32.7 (top row, top) Ray Roper/iStockphoto, (middle) Olga Demchishina/iStockphoto, (right) Shaun Pimlott/iStockphoto; (bottom row, left to right) Scott Camazine/Alamy, Suijo/Dreamstime.com, Mark A. Johnson/Alamy, Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy, Danilo Donadoni/age fotostock. p. 729: © INRA/R Bastien S Douady B Moulia. Unifying model of shoot gravitropism reveals proprioception as a central feature of posture control in plants; PNAS January 8, 2013 vol. 110 no. 2 755–760. p. 730: Infographic 32.8 (left) Maryann Frazier/Science Source; (right) Tonny Anwar/Dreamstime.com. p. 731: Infographic 32.9 National Geographic Image Collection/Alamy. p. 732: Infographic 32.10 (left) Linda Kloosterhof/iStockphoto; (right) Photo by Stephen Vasquez, used with the permission of UC Regents; (bottom) Shaun Pimlott/iStockphoto. p. 733: Infographic 32.11 (top left) Cathleen Abers-Kimball/iStockphoto; (top right) hisforhome/iStockphoto; (middle left) PunyaFamily/Shutterstock; (middle) R Koenig/Agefotostock; (middle right) The Photo Works; (bottom left) Serghei Piletchi/Dreamstime. com; (bottom right) Stefanie Timmermann/iStockphoto.