Earth is composed of discrete layers. The crust, mantle, and core are distinguished by their distinct chemical composition; regions within these layers that have different physical properties are also recognized. Mineral and fossil fuel deposits are found in the layers of Earth’s crust. Powerful geologic forces are constantly but slowly rearranging the face of Earth.

The crust is made up of tectonic plates that move slowly, powered by the heat of the innermost parts of Earth. This process changes the face of Earth. It also forms new minerals and redistributes others within Earth’s crust. The location of earthquakes and volcanoes gives clues about the location of plate boundaries, representing places where plates move against one another or spread apart to release magma from the top part of the asthenosphere.