Paarlberg, Robert, 305–309

Pacala, Stephen, 421–422

packaging, waste and, 133

PAHs. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

palm oil

plantation, 221f, 231f

rainforest and, 220

sustainable, 233–235

trade-offs of, 234t

use of, 228

parasitism, 190, 190f

parks, 501–502

particulate matter (PM), 386, 387, 401

passive solar technologies, 457

pathogens, 82

classes of, 88f

definition, 83

disease-causing, 88f

exposure to, 83–84

waterborne, 84

water pollution through, 290

payback time, 458, 459

PCBs, bioaccumulation of, 128

peak oil, 365, 365f

peer review, 29, 46

percentages/frequencies, A–2

perennial crops, 334

perfluorocarbons (PFCs), 483

performance standards, 473

permit trading, 397

persistence, 47–48

of BPA, 49

persistent chemicals, 44, 45

pesticides, 45, 318

Bt crops and, 309–310

monoculture and use of, 321

residue on foods, 319, 333f

resistance to, 321, 322f

pests

climate change and insect, 419

IPM, 329

pesticide-resistant, 322f

Peterson, Justin, 154f

petrochemicals, 367

PFCs. See perfluorocarbons

phosphorus

algal blooms and, 286f

water pollution, 284–286

phosphorus cycle, 151, 153f

in Biosphere 2, 152–153

photosynthesis, 282

carbon cycles and, 150f

UV-B exposure and, 36

photovoltaic (PV) cells, 456, 457f

physical hazards, 84, 85f

phytoplankton blooms, 278f

pie charts, A–7

pied flycatchers, climate change and, 418

Pierrehumbert, Raymond T., 374–375, 377

Pimm, Stuart, 228

pioneer species, 192

pipe filters, 83f, 95

I-16

plastics, 122

aquatic life and, 128, 128f, 137, 137t

degradation of, 126

in oceans, 120, 124, 137

recycling, 134f

PM. See particulate matter

poaching, 241

conservation genetics and, 248f

of elephants, 240, 241f

point source pollution, 280–281, 283f, 290, 389

polar jet stream, 407

policy, 36. See also environmental policy

agricultural, 303, 312

environmental health hazards and, 93t

pollution tax, 113

policy change, 19

ozone depletion, 39

policy tools, 478–483

political lobbying, 476–479

pollution, 10, 242f. See also specific types of pollution

air, 380–401

coal emission, 350–355

EPA’s regulation of, 401

incinerator, 126

manufacturing, 108

“permits,” 113

solid waste, 127–129

standards, 289–290

taxing, 113

U.S. and, 19

polyculture, 325, 332, 334

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 388

polymer-based products, 133f

population, 142, 142f. See also human

population

definition, 143, 160

divergence of, 206–208

ecologically effective, 162

minimum viable, 161

natural selection and, 201–202

population change, 209f

in K-selected species, 168

in r-selected species, 168

understanding factors influencing, 173

population control, 11–12, 66–67

in Brazil, 74

in India, 74

one child policy, 62–77

programs, 72–73

population densities, 66, 162

population distribution, 66f, 161–163, 163f

population dynamics, 161

population ecology, 158–175

population growth, 164–166

factors affecting, 166–169

rate of, 164

population momentum, 66, 67

population size, 161–163

density-dependent factors affecting, 167f

density-independent factors affecting, 167f

fluctuations over time of, 169f

growth factors and, 171f

resistance factors and, 171f

positive correlation, A–7

positive feedback loops, 410–411

examples of, 411–412

potable, definition, 268

poverty

air pollution and, 391–392

cause of death and, 92

food self-sufficiency and, 313

infant mortality and, 74f

Powers, Charles, 436, 440, 445

Poynter, Jayne, 149, 154

precautionary principle, 36, 46, 422

environmental policy and, 476

precipitation, 262–263

changes in, 409

predation, 189, 190f

Predator Control Programs, 162

predators

importance of, 169–172

preservation of, 173

prediction, 29

prenatal exposure to air pollution, 388–389

pressurized water reactor (PWR), 438

prey, 169

primary air pollutants, 385, 386f

primary sources, 46, 47

primary succession, 192

producers, 150, 180, 181

product economy, service economy versus, 113f

pronatalist pressures, 68, 71, 74f

Proskurowski, Giora, 120, 121f, 129

protected areas, 250f, 251, 251f

protons, 432

protozoa, 88f

proven reserves of oil and natural gas, 364, 364f

public health, 85

programs, 84–88, 86f

PV cells. See photovoltaic cells

PWR. See pressurized water reactor