TacTiles, 104–105, 112

take-back programs, 112, 131

Tamiami Trail, 192

tar sands, 372, 374

tax credits, 397

taxes

carbon, 422

green, 397, 479

pollution, 113

technology

agricultural, 310–312, 312f

for air quality, 398

clean coal, 352–354, 398

environmental impact of, 104

IPAT model and, 102–104, 105f

I-19

oil, 375

passive solar, 457

solar energy, 456–457, 457f

temperature

changes in average, 406, 406f, 408

changes in surface, 408

land, 408

measurements of, 415

ocean, 408

ozone depletion and, 29, 37–38

UV radiation and, 27

temperature conversions, measurements and units of measure, A–3

tenement houses, 499–500

Tepco. See Tokyo Electric Power Company

terracing, 328, 331

TerraCycle, 135

tertiary sources, 46–47

testable, definition, 29

test group, 33

TFR. See total fertility rate

Thailand, family planning program, 74

theory, 29, 30

thermal pollution, 280

thermoelectric power, 435

thorium-234, 433

threatened species, 210, 243

conserving, 162

habitat destruction and, 211

Three Mile Island plant, 437

Thurston, George, 391

tight oil, 363

volatility of, 372

time delay, 13, 14

TL. See trophic levels

Tokyo Electric Power Company (Tepco), 444

top-down regulation, 170, 171f

TOSCA. See Toxic Substances Control Act

total fertility rate (TFR), 68, 69

contraception and, 74f

desired fertility and, 74f

education of women and, 74f

pronatalist pressures and, 74f

reductions in, 73

tourism

climate change and, 419–420

ecotourism, 252–253, 254t

Toxic-Free Legacy Coalition, 61

toxicity

dose and, 52

factors affecting, 52

toxicologists, 51

toxic substances (toxics)

dangers of, 47–52

in e-waste, 129–130

exposure to, 52

fat-soluble, 48–49

fossil fuel mining, 48f

natural, 44

persistence, 47–48

regulation of, 45–46

safe exposure levels to, 47–52

solubility, 48

synthetic, 44

toxicity factors and, 52

Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA), 59, 476t

trade-offs, 6, 7

of coal mining, 344–348

of fracking, 375f

of GMOs, 311f

of nuclear power, 446t

of palm oil, 234t

of renewable energy, 463t

of urbanization, 496–497, 497t

the tragedy of the commons, 13, 14

Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 368f

transboundary pollution, 392

transboundary problems, 473, 474f

transgenic organism, 306

transpiration, 260

tree species migration, 417–419, 425, 427

triple bottom line, 6, 7, 106

trophic levels (TL), 182, 183f

tropical rain forest, 144f, 230f

distribution of, 145f

fertile soils in, 157t

resource use in, 157

troposphere, 26

true cost, 106

accounting for, 113

of renewable energy, 461–464

tsunami, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station and, 430, 444

t-test, A–11

tundra, 144f, 145f

Turner, Eugene, 280, 282