Eagle Ford shale, 374
Earth
biodiversity on, 222f
carrying capacity of, 75–76, 76f
core, A–12
crust of, A–12, A–13
energy on, 143f
geological composition, A–12
human impact on, 98
human population on, 76f
mantle, A–12
mass extinctions, 210, 211f
ozone’s protection of, 26–27
Earth911, 137
I-7
earthquakes, A–13
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station and, 430
wastewater injection wells and, 373–374
Echols, Alex, 284–287, 290, 292
ecocentric worldview, 16, 17f
eco-industrial parks, 132, 133
ecolabeling, 114, 117
ecological diversity, 226f
biodiversity and, 225–226
ecological economics, 98–117
definition, 107
environmental impact and, 101–105
mainstream economics and, 105–109
sustainable businesses and, 111–112
ecological footprint, 10, 98
of companies, 109f
definition, 11, 102
national, 103
in urban areas, 496f
U.S. per capita, 102
world, 103
ecologically effective population, 162
ecological succession, 192, 194f
The Ecology of Commerce (Hawken), 100
economic decisions, 101–105
economic growth, 107–108
economic impacts of climate change, 419–421
economics, 101
ecological, 98–117
mainstream, 105–109
EcoScraps, 114f
ecosystem conservation, 244–246
ecosystem restoration, 155, 246
Gulf of Mexico and, 293
ecosystems, 138–157, 142f
definition, 143, 179
degradation of, 101–102
enclosed, 146
farming and mimicking natural, 324–327
formation of, 140–146
function of, 155
human impact on, 9–10, 83–84, 191
intact, 101–102
keystone species in, 188f
matter in, 121
nutrient cycles in, 149–154
recovery of, 193
repairing, 191–192
species conservation and, 247f
species well-being and health of, 178–180
studying, 146
succession of, 195
sustainable, 11–12
waste in, 121–122
ecosystem services, 101, 222–223, 224f
value of, 101f, 223, 254t
ecotones, 185
ecotourism, 252–253, 254t
edge effects, 185, 186f, 187f
edge species, 186
education
environmental health hazards and, 93t
infectious disease and, 93
TFR and, 74f
effluent, 266, 281
Eggerud, Scott, 343
EIA. See Energy Information Administration
EIS. See environmental impact statement
Eisenberg, Cristina, 170
The Carnivore’s Way, 171
Elders, Wilfred, 458–460
electricity
coal-generated, 341–342, 342f
consumption, 357
definition, 341
generation of, by fuel, 343f, 454f
nuclear reactions and, 430–436
U.S. generation of, by fuel, 343f
elephants, 239f
conservation of, 238–255
human impact on, 243–244
poaching, 240, 241f
ranges, 240f
elk (Cervus elaphus), 160
wolf reintroduction and, 170
in Yellowstone, 164
Ells, Steve, 115f
emerging infectious disease, 87–88
emigration, 66
emissions
carbon, 425
CO2, 416, 484f
coal, 350–355
credits, 485f, 486
greenhouse gas, 422, 484
HFC, 472
mercury, 350–351
trading policy, 472
emissions calculator, EPA, 489
empirical evidence, 24, 25
empirical science, 6f, 7
endangered species, 210
conserving, 162
definition, 226
habitat destruction and, 172
wood stork as, 178
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 162, 235, 249, 249t, 255, 476t
endemic, definition, 206, 207
endemic species, 226
endemism, extinction and, 228
endocrine disruptors, 53. See also bisphenol A
dose and, 52–55
energy. See also renewable energy
conservation of, 465–466, 465t
consumption of, 375–376
definition, 341
on Earth, 143f
efficiency, 102, 466f
flow of, 142, 143
food web and movement of, 181–183
generation of, 130
Japan’s usage of, 445
nuclear power and future of, 444–445
saving, 465t
energy independence, 374
Energy Information Administration (EIA), 369, 489
energy neutral, 453
energy positive, 453
energy return on energy investment (EROEI), 343
oil and natural gas wells, 366
energy security, 376
increasing, 377
energy use intensity (EUI), 509
English measurements, A–3
environment, 5
business’ impact on, 101–105
Greenland Vikings and damage to, 8
human impact on, 101–105
human manipulation of, 83–84
environmental costs, 107f
of fracking, 372–373
of oil, 370
of unconventional reserves, 372–374
environmental ethics, 15
worldviews and, 16
environmental factors
emerging infectious disease and, 87–88
global burden of disease and, 87f
infectious disease and, 87
range of tolerance for, 148f
I-8
environmental hazards
modifiable, 86
reducing, 93t
types of, 85f
environmental health, 80–97
biological hazards and, 88–89
environmentally mediated diseases and, 91–94
factors affecting human health and, 89–90
pathogen exposure and, 83–84
public health programs and, 84–88
environmental impact of air pollution, 386–389
of climate change, 419–421
of coal mining and burning, 352f
of fossil fuel extraction and use, 367–368
of mountaintop removal, 340f, 341
national, 103
of surface mining, 348–350
of technology, 104
environmental impact statement (EIS), 162, 474–475
on mountaintop removal, 349
environmental justice, 391
citizens and, 502
in urban areas, 497
environmental laws, 13–14
environmental literacy, 6, 13, 20
definition, 7
environmentally mediated disease, 91–94
environmental policy, 470–489
adapting, 486
cap-and-trade, 472
economic incentives, 479
influences on, 478f
international, 480–481
making, 475–479
precautionary principle and, 476
purpose of, 473–475
tools, 478–483
transboundary problems and, 473, 474f
unintended consequences of, 483–485
in U.S., 473, 476t, 478f
environmental problems
causes of, 10
solving, 6
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 44, 475
air pollution regulation by, 386, 401
Air Quality Index, 392
CAA, 394
Clean Power Plan, 396
CO2 regulation by, 395–396
coal mining and, 359
definition, 45
emissions calculator, 489
pollution regulation by, 401
solid waste hierarchy, 125f
water pollution and, 290
environmental racism, 391
environmental science, 4–6
Environmental Working Group’s Skin Deep, 61
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
epidemiological studies, of BPA, 51
epidemiologists, 49–50, 85
EROEI. See energy return on energy investment
ESA. See Endangered Species Act
Estrada-Oyuela, Raúl, 481f
estrogen mimics, 54
ethane, fracking and, 379
EU. See European Union
EUI. See energy use intensity
European Union (EU), 46
age structure diagram, 73
GM crops in, 309
eutrophication
cultural, 282, 320–321
dead zones caused by, 284f
farming and, 287–288
Evans, Kate, 244, 246
evaporation, 260
Everglades National Park, 178f, 179f. See also Florida Everglades
evidence
of climate change, 405–409
collecting, 34
empirical, 24, 25
evolution, 198–217, 204f
common misconceptions about, 214t
definition, 202
genetic diversity and, 202–206
human impact on, 212–214
pace of, 210
selective pressures and, 210
e-waste, 129, 129f
Ewing, Reid, 501
experimental study, 33, 34
exponential growth, 164, 165f
logistic growth and, 166f
exposure limit, 46
external cost, 105, 107f
internalized, 106
extinction, 198–217
background rate of, 210–211
definition, 201
endemism and, 228
habitat destruction and, 211
human population and, 217f
isolation and, 228
mass, 211f
rate of, 210–212, 255
extirpation, 170, 206–207, 230–231
extrapolation, A–6
exurbs, 498, 499f