Fair Trade Certified products, 77
false dichotomy, 56
falsifiable, definition, 29
family planning, 73
desired family size and, 68
Thailand’s program for, 74
famine, 303
FAO. See Food and Agriculture
Organization
Farman, Joe, 25–26
ozone depletion and, 28
farming. See also agriculture
contour, 328
crop diversity in, 319, 323
ecosystem mimicking in, 324–327
eutrophication and, 287–288
food self-sufficiency and, 325
monoculture, 319
Farming Systems Trial® (FST) research study, 337
fat-soluble chemicals, 48
fecundity, 164
feedback loops
climate change and influence of, 414
negative, 412
positive, 410–412
Feng, Wang, 66, 72, 75
fertility rates. See also total fertility rate
factors affecting, 68–70
falling, 72
future, 79f
in less developed countries, 76
replacement, 71
I-9
fertilizers, 318
microfertilization, 310–311
runoff from, 289f
synthetic, 288, 289f
use of, 320–321, 321f
field conservation work, 245
FINCA. See Foundation for International Community Assistance
Finca Del Sur garden, 500f
Finnish Ultraviolet International Research
Center in the Arctic Circle, 31f
fires
forest, 402f, 404, 404f
wildfires, 197, 421, 424
fish
mercury in, 48–49, 48f, 49f
rice farming and, 324–325
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S., 215
flagship species, 244
flooding
coastal, 424
mountaintop removal and, 349
Florida Everglades, 178, 178f
development of, 186–187
ecological succession, 194f
food web in, 181f
human impact on, 180–181
rehabilitation, 191–192
restoration plan, 193f
water cycle in, 183
water level and, 194f
wetland removal and, 180
Florida Fish and Wildlife Service, 178
fly ash, 351, 351f
food
carbon footprint of, 332, 333f
consumer choice in, 333f, 335
cost of, 300
fossil fuels and production of, 332, 333f
greenwashing of, 332
imported, 305, 332
industrial agriculture and quality of, 322
organic, 308f
pesticide residues on, 319, 333f
quality of, 302
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 301–302, 315
food chain, 181
definition, 180
wood storks and, 183
food insecurity, 306f
low-tech farming methods and, 312f
food miles, 332
food production
agriculture and, 303–305
fossil fuels and, 332, 333f
food security, 301
global, 310–313
food self-sufficiency, 304–305
farming practices and, 325
GM crops and, 308
poverty and, 313
food web, 180
Everglades, 181f
matter and energy moving through, 181–183
forest. See also rainforest
boreal, 144f, 145f
mangrove, 186f, 188
forest change, global, 232f, 417
forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis), 248
human impact on, 243–244
as keystone species, 244
forest fires
climate change and, 402f, 404
North Woods, Minnesota, 402f, 404, 404f
Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, USDA, 417
forest loss, 420–421
forestry, resistance, 421
fossil fuel extraction
contaminants and, 48f
environmental impact of, 367–368
fossil fuels, 12
burning, 369
definition, 341, 362
deposits of, A–12
environmental impact of, 367–368
food production and, 332, 333f
formation of, 363f
Kyoto Protocol and, 482
reducing dependence on, 377
renewable energy compared with, 461
substitutes for, 107
weaning off, 365
working with, 369
fossil record, 210, 211
Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA), 79
founder effect, 208, 209f
the 4–2–1 conundrum, 73
four Rs, 133, 134f
fracking (hydraulic fracturing), 360f, 371f
definition, 363
environmental costs of, 372–373
ethane and, 379
impacts of, 374–375
methane and, 372, 374f, 379
in North Dakota, 376f
toxic wastewater and, 372–373
trade-offs of, 375f
in U.S., 371–372
wastewater injection wells, 373–374
water footprint of, 372–373
Frelich, Lee, 404, 405f, 406, 416–418, 425
frequencies, A–2
gene, 202
freshwater, 260
resources, 258–277
wastewater contamination of, 266–268
water distribution and, 261f
FST research trial. See Farming Systems
Trial® research study fuel efficiency, 155
CAFE standards, 484
fuel rods, 435
Fukushima, 437–438
spent, 440
“The Fukushima 50,” 440, 442
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, 428–446, 428f, 430f, 431f, 437f
evacuees from towns near, 442f
fuel rods, 437–438
impact of, 443–444
radiation levels after, 444
radioactive vapors from, 442, 444
radioactive waste, 440
reactor explosions, 439
response to, 440–443
tsunami and, 430, 444
fungi, 88f
Furunno, Takao, 324–325