Page 93 Case Study: K. B. Suttle, Meredith A. Thomsen, and Mary E. Power, “Species interactions reverse grassland responses to changing climate,” Science, 315 (2007), pp. 640–642.

Page 94 Example 1: Allan H. Schulman and Randi L. Sims, “Learning in an online format versus an in-class format: an experimental study,” T.H.E. Journal, June 1999, pp. 54–56.

Page 94 Example 2: Charlene Y. Senn et al., “Efficacy of a sexual assault resistance program for university women,” New England Journal of Medicine, 372 (2015), pp. 2326–2335.

Page 96 Example 3: R. W. Summers et al., “Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn’s disease,” Gut, 54 (2005), pp. 87–90.

Page 98 Example 4: Samuel Charache et al., “Effects of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia,” New England Journal of Medicine, 332 (1995), pp. 1317–1322.

610

Page 102 H. Sacks, T. C. Chalmers, and H. Smith Jr., “Randomized versus historical controls for clinical trials,” American Journal of Medicine, 72 (1982), pp. 233–240.

Page 105 Example 6: Lucy Bowes et al., “Peer victimisation during adolescence and its impact on depression in early adulthood: prospective cohort study in the United Kingdom,” BMJ, 350 (2015), h2469.

Page 105 Example 7: Dr. Daniel B. Mark, in Associated Press, “Age, not bias, may explain differences in treatment,” New York Times, April 26, 1994. Dr. Mark was commenting on Daniel B. Mark et al., “Absence of sex bias in the referral of patients for cardiac catheterization,” New England Journal of Medicine, 330 (1994), pp. 1101–1106. See the correspondence from D. Douglas Miller and Leslee Shaw, “Sex bias in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease,” New England Journal of Medicine, 331 (1994), p. 883, for comments on a study with opposing results.

Page 108 Exercise 5.2: Marilyn Ellis, “Attending church found factor in longer life,” USA Today, August 9, 1999.

Page 109 Exercise 5.7: E. A. Moore, “Highway to hell: exhaust is bad for your heart,” CNET News, February 9, 2010, available online at http://news.cnet.com/8301-27083_3-10450159-247.html?tag=mncol.

Page 109 Exercise 5.8: A. Swanson, “Study: birth month might affect health,” Columbus Dispatch, June 20, 2015.

Page 109 Exercise 5.9: R. Stein, “Weight-loss surgery tied to a longer life,” Washington Post, August 23, 2007.

Page 110 Exercise 5.11: Information about the Physicians’ Health Study is available online at http://phs.bwh.harvard.edu/phs1.htm.

Page 110 Exercise 5.12: Pam A. Mueller and Daniel M. Oppenheimer, “The pen is mightier than the keyboard: advantages of longhand over laptop note taking,” Psychological Science, 25 (2014), pp. 1159–1168.

Page 111 Exercise 5.16: G. Kolata, “New study finds vitamins are not cancer preventers,” New York Times, July 21, 1994. For the details, look in the Journal of the American Medical Association for the same date.

Page 112 Exercise 5.18: Letter to the editor by Stan Metzenberg, Science, 286 (1999), p. 2083.

Page 112 Exercise 5.19: Misti Crane, “OSU finds Tylenol can dull emotions,” Columbus Dispatch, April 15, 2015. For the details, see Geoffrey R. O. Durso et al., “Over-the-counter relief from pains and pleasures alike: acetaminophen blunts evaluation sensitivity to both negative and positive stimuli,” Psychological Science, 26 (2015) pp. 750–758.

Page 112 Exercise 5.20 is based on Christopher Anderson, “Measuring what works in health care,” Science, 263 (1994), pp. 1080–1082.

Page 113 Exercise 5.24: A. R. Paley, “Software’s benefits on tests in doubt,” Washington Post, April 5, 2007.

Page 113 Exercise 5.25: This problem is based on M. Rosenkilde et al., “Body fat loss and compensatory mechanisms in response to different doses of aerobic exercise—a randomized controlled trial in overweight sedentary males,” AJP: Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 303 (2012) pp. 571–579.

Page 114 Exercise 5.29: L. E. Moses and F. Mosteller, “Safety of anesthetics,” in J. M. Tanur et al. (eds.), Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 3rd edition, Wadsworth, 1989, pp. 15–24.