Page 118 Example 1: For the study on rats, see E. Street and M. B. Carroll, “Preliminary evaluation of a new food product,” in J. M. Tanur et al. (eds.), Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, 3rd edition, Wadsworth, 1989, pp. 161–169.

Page 119 Example 2: The placebo effect examples are from Sandra Blakeslee, “Placebos prove so powerful even experts are surprised,” New York Times, October 13, 1998. The “three-quarters” estimate is cited by Martin Enserink, “Can the placebo be the cure?” Science, 284 (1999), pp. 238–240. An extended treatment is Anne Harrington (ed.), The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration, Harvard University Press, 1997.

Page 120 The flu trial quotation is from Kristin L. Nichol et al., “Effectiveness of live, attenuated intranasal influenza virus vaccine in healthy, working adults,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 282 (1999), pp. 137–144.

Page 120 Example 3: “Cancer clinical trials: barriers to African American participation,” Closing the Gap, newsletter of the Office of Minority Health, December 1997–January 1998.

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Page 121 Example 4: Michael H. Davidson et al., “Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 281 (1999), pp. 235–242.

Page 123 Example 6: Details of the Carolina Abecedarian Project, including references to published work, can be found online at www.fpg.unc.edu/˜abc/.

Page 125 Example 8: This is a simpler version of an experiment described in Brian Wansik and Pierre Chandon, “Can ‘low-fat’ nutrition labels lead to obesity?” Journal of Marketing Research, 43 (November 2006), pp. 605–617.

Page 127 Example 9: “How to win the battle of the bugs,” Consumers Reports, July 2015, pp. 34–37.

Page 133 Exercise 6.8: David Brown, “Drug’s mystical properties confirmed,” Washington Post, July 11, 2006. Look online at www.springer.com/biomed/pharmaceutical+science/journal/213 in the journal Psychopharmacology, 187, No. 3 (August 2006), pp. 263–268, for the details.

Page 134 Exercise 6.10: Jeffrey S. Orringer et al., “Treatment of acne vulgaris with a pulsed laser dye,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 291 (2004), pp. 2834–2839.

Page 134 Exercise 6.12: “A carefully scheduled high-fat diet resets metabolism and prevents obesity, researchers find,” Science News, September 12, 2012.

Page 135 Exercise 6.13: Nathan Seppa, “Blood-chilling device could save stroke victims from brain damage,” Science News, February 26, 2010.

Page 135 Exercise 6.15: Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group, “Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized, controlled trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 287 (2002), pp. 1807–1814.

Page 136 Exercise 6.17: Lindsey Tanner, “Study says ibuprofen is best painkiller for children,” Washington Post, March 5, 2007, p. A09.

Page 136 Exercise 6.18: Donald G. McNeil Jr., “Flu shots in children can help community,” New York Times, March 10, 2010, p. A16.

Page 137 Exercise 6.19: B. Sekalska et al., “Effect of ibuprofen on the development of fat-induced atherosclerosis in New Zealand rabbits,” Journal of Experimental Animal Science, 43 (2007), pp. 283–299. In the article, two of the treatment groups had eight rabbits and two had seven rabbits, but for simplicity we assumed eight rabbits had been assigned to all four treatments.

Page 138 Exercise 6.21: Found at www.forbes.com, January 14, 2014.

Page 138 Exercise 6.23: Alysha Fligner and Xiaoyan Deng, “The effect of font naturalness on perceived healthiness of food products,” senior thesis, The Ohio State University.

Page 139 Exercise 6.24: Sterling C. Hilton et al., “A randomized controlled experiment to assess technological innovations in the classroom on student outcomes: an overview of a clinical trial in education,” manuscript, no date. A brief report is Sterling C. Hilton and Howard B. Christensen, “Evaluating the impact of multimedia lectures on student learning and attitudes,” Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Teaching of Statistics, at www.stat.aukland.ac.nz.

Page 140 Exercise 6.30: Mary O. Mundinger et al., “Primary care outcomes in patients treated by nurse practitioners or physicians,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 238 (2000), pp. 59–68.