Page 141 Case Study: Lycia L. C. Parker, Ian S. Penton-Voak, Angela S. Attwood, and Marcus R. Munafo, “Effects of acute alcohol consumption on ratings of attractiveness of facial stimuli: evidence of long-term encoding,” Alcohol and Alcoholism, 43 (2008), pp. 636–640.

Page 142 Example 1: John C. Bailar III, “The real threats to the integrity of science,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 21, 1995, pp. B1–B2.

Page 142 This quotation can be found at the Journal of the American Medical Association website, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/public/instructionsForAuthors.aspx.

Page 143 The quotation is from the preface to the University of Pittsburgh’s institutional review board Reference Manual for the Use of Human Subjects in Research, available online at www.irb.pitt.edu/manual/default.htm.

Page 144 Example 2: The difficulties of interpreting guidelines for informed consent and for the work of institutional review boards in medical research are a main theme of Beverly Woodward, “Challenges to human subject protections in U.S. medical research,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 282 (1999), pp. 1947–1952. The references in this paper point to other discussions.

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Page 148 Example 4: The quotation is from the Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee, May 20, 1996. A detailed history is James H. Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Free Press, 1993. Another reference is Susan M. Reverby, More Than Fact and Fiction: Cultural Memory and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Hastings Center Report, 0093-0334, September 1, 2001, Vol. 31, Issue 5.

Page 149 The quotation from Dr. Hennekens is from an interview in the Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting video series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics.

Page 150 Example 6: The quotation is from Thomas B. Freeman et al., “Use of placebo surgery in controlled trials of a cellular-based therapy for Parkinson’s disease,” New England Journal of Medicine, 341 (1999), pp. 988–992. Freeman supports the Parkinson’s disease trial. The opposition is represented by Ruth Macklin, “The ethical problems with sham surgery in clinical research,” New England Journal of Medicine, 341 (1999), pp. 992–996.

Page 151 The quotations are from Gina Kolata and Kurt Eichenwald, “Business thrives on unproven care leaving science behind,” New York Times, October 3, 1999. Background and details about the first clinical trials appear in a National Cancer Institute press release: “Questions and answers: high-dose chemotherapy with bone marrow or stem cell transplants for breast cancer,” April 15, 1999. That one of the studies reported there involved falsified data is reported by Denise Grady, “Breast cancer researcher admits falsifying data,” New York Times, February 5, 2000.

Page 151 Exercise 7.4: Ezekial J. Emanuel, David Wendler, and Christine Grady, “What makes clinical research ethical?” Journal of the American Medical Association, 283 (2000), pp. 2701–2711.

Page 152 Example 7: R. D. Middlemist, E. S. Knowles, and C. F. Matter, “Personal space invasions in the lavatory: suggestive evidence for arousal,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33 (1976), pp. 541–546.

Page 156 Exercise 7.15: See the details on the website of the Office for Human Research Protections of the Department of Health and Human Services, www.hhs.gov/ohrp.

Page 159 Exercise 7.27: Dr. C. Warren Olanow, chief of neurology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, quoted in Margaret Talbot, “The placebo prescription,” New York Times Magazine, January 8, 2000, pp. 34–39, 44, 58–60.

Page 159 Exercise 7.29: For extensive background, see Jon Cohen, “AIDS trials ethics questioned,” Science, 276 (1997), pp. 520–523. Search the archives at www.sciencemag.org for recent episodes in the continuing controversies of Exercises 7.27, 7.28, and 7.29.